Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and molecular resistance determinants of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a one health perspective
In brief
Pooled ciprofloxacin resistance reached 46% across Nigerian non-typhoidal Salmonella studies
A review of 49 studies found non-typhoidal Salmonella in 7.2% of samples and ciprofloxacin resistance in 45.6% of isolates overall. Resistance differed sharply by source, and estimates varied substantially depending on the laboratory breakpoints used, so the pooled figure is not a uniform national rate; broader, standardized surveillance is needed to guide treatment and food-animal stewardship.
- Journal
- BMC infectious diseases (Q1)
- Published
- 3 August 2026
- Study design
- Systematic review of cohort studies
- Evidence level
- Level 2, Moderate (CEBM 2a)
- Authors
- Jones Soladoye Akinbobola, Ruth Ifeoluwapo Ayoade Akinbobola, Kelvin Olutimilehin Jolayemi
- PMID
- 42968069
- DOI
- 10.1186/s12879-026-14168-8
Why clinicians should know about it
- Picked for Epidemiology (top studies of the week, 8 November 2026): One Health pathogen burden and antimicrobial resistance surveillance synthesis
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) causes invasive infections with high mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, yet Nigeria's burden across One Health sectors remains incompletely characterised. This review estimated pooled NTS detection frequency, characterised antimicrobial resistance profiles, and described genotypic resistance determinants. METHODS: Seven databases were searched following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Forty-nine studies were pooled using random-effects PLOGIT-ML models. Subgroup analyses, multivariable meta-regression, sensitivity analyses, a multilevel model, and publication bias tests were performed. Genotypic data were synthesised narratively. RESULTS: Ninety-eight data arms (N = 54,415; events = 2,902) yielded a pooled NTS detection frequency of 7.2% (95% CI: 5.5-9.2%; I²=97.7%; prediction interval: 0.5-52.6%). Detection frequency was highest in environmental samples (13.7%) and lowest in human clinical sources (3.6%). Sample type accounted for the largest proportion of between-study variance (R²=32.2%). Pooled ciprofloxacin resistance was 45.6%; human invasive isolates showed 12.3% versus 34.6% in human GI isolates and 57.7% in non-human isolates. CLSI versus EUCAST breakpoints produced markedly different estimates (33.8% versus 93.0%). Tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance were 73.3% and 43.8%. Third-generation cephalosporins showed low non-susceptibility; carbapenems showed no resistance in available datasets. Molecular analysis identified Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ST313 in human bloodstream infections, S. Kentucky ST-198/413 with chromosomal fluoroquinolone resistance in food animals, the first Nigerian blaCMY-98 report, and Col(pHAD28)/qnrB19 shared across human, pig, and poultry isolates. CONCLUSION: NTS imposes a substantial One Health burden in Nigeria. Fluoroquinolone resistance is high and molecularly established, with marked differences between invasive, GI, and non-human isolates. Integrated national surveillance, antimicrobial stewardship in food animal production, and expanded geographic coverage are urgently needed.
Abstract as published, via PubMed.
For healthcare professionals. The summary is generated by AI from the published abstract, and the evidence level is assigned automatically from the study design on the Oxford CEBM hierarchy. Neither is medical advice. Read the full paper before changing practice.