Development and internal validation of a nomogram for predicting lymph node metastasis posterior to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve in papillary thyroid carcinoma: a single-center retrospective study

Why clinicians should know about it

• Picked for Breast and Endocrine Surgery (paper of the day, 5 October 2026): Nomogram predicts LN‑prRLN metastasis for thyroid surgery

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The lymph nodes posterior to the right recurrent laryngeal nerve (LN-prRLN) lie deep in the right central compartment. Clearing them is technically demanding and adds to the risk of injury to the nerve and parathyroid glands, whereas occult metastases left behind may cause persistent or recurrent disease. Knowing in advance which patients are likely to have LN-prRLN metastasis would help tailor the extent of central neck dissection. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 320 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) treated at a single tertiary center between August 2021 and February 2026, all of whom underwent thyroidectomy with right central neck dissection that included separate LN-prRLN harvesting. Candidate clinicopathological variables were screened by univariable logistic regression; non-redundant binary variables with P<0.05 then entered a multivariable Firth penalized-likelihood model, used because a single event among the 166 central-node-negative patients biased the ordinary maximum-likelihood estimate. The independent predictors formed a nomogram, internally validated by 1,000 bootstrap resamples that repeated the entire model-building procedure, and was assessed for discrimination, calibration (including the optimism-corrected calibration slope and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test) and clinical utility (decision curve analysis, DCA). RESULTS: LN-prRLN metastasis was present in 51 of 320 patients (15.9%). Multifocality (odds ratio [OR] 4.46), tumor diameter >10 mm (OR 2.87), isthmic/near-isthmic location (OR 6.28), central lymph node metastasis (OR 49.15) and lateral lymph node metastasis (OR 13.90) were independent predictors (all P<0.05), whereas capsular invasion was not retained (P = 0.286). The resulting nomogram reached an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.936 (95% confidence interval 0.901-0.971; optimism-corrected 0.927), with a sensitivity of 0.843 and a specificity of 0.896 at the optimal cutoff of 0.226. Calibration curves lay close to the ideal line (optimism-corrected calibration slope 0.961, intercept -0.024; Hosmer-Lemeshow P = 0.285), and DCA showed a positive net benefit across the clinically plausible range of threshold probabilities. CONCLUSION: A nomogram combining multifocality, tumor size, isthmic location, and central and lateral compartment metastasis predicted LN-prRLN metastasis with high discrimination and acceptable internal calibration. Intended for use with preoperative, imaging-based assessment of nodal status, the nomogram requires external validation, ideally multicenter and prospective, before routine use. It should be emphasized, however, that central and lateral nodal status - the two strongest predictors - were coded from the final histopathological report, and because the sensitivity of preoperative ultrasound and contrast-enhanced computed tomography for central compartment metastasis is limited, the performance reported here is an upper bound on what can be expected when the nomogram is used with imaging-based inputs.

Abstract as published, via PubMed.