Skip to main content
Endocrinology / Primary CareClinical Question·Updated Jul 3, 2026·v1

What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for new-onset type 2 diabetes?

Evidence-based overview of What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for new-onset type 2 diabetes?.

Moderate Evidence173 references·2,324 words·10 min read·v1
Endocrinology / Primary Carewhat is the first-line pharmacological treatment for new-onset type 2 diabetes?
This page covers What is the first-line pharmacological treatment for new-onset type 2 diabetes?, a topic in Endocrinology / Primary Care.

Deep Dive — Evidence Details

References

  1. [1]

    Uhl S, Choure A, Rouse B et al.. Effectiveness of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Metrics of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 37987208

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  2. [2]

    Badve SV, Bilal A, Lee MMY et al.. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on kidney and cardiovascular disease outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2024). PMID: 39608381

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  3. [3]

    Apperloo EM, Neuen BL, Fletcher RA et al.. Efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors with and without glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a SMART-C collaborative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2024). PMID: 38991584

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  4. [4]

    Lingvay I, Capehorn MS, Catarig AM et al.. Efficacy of Once-Weekly Semaglutide vs Empagliflozin Added to Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes: Patient-Level Meta-analysis. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2020). PMID: 32827435

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  5. [5]

    Kim H, Bae S, Yoon HY et al.. Association of the SLC47A1 Gene Variant With Responses to Metformin Monotherapy in Drug-naive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2022). PMID: 35639991

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  6. [6]

    Zhou Y, Huang Y, Ji X et al.. Pioglitazone for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Patients with or at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2020). PMID: 31822895

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  7. [7]

    Khunti K, Seidu S, Kunutsor S et al.. Association Between Adherence to Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-analysis. Diabetes care (2017). PMID: 28801474

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  8. [8]

    Rodbard HW, Lingvay I, Reed J et al.. Semaglutide Added to Basal Insulin in Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN 5): A Randomized, Controlled Trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2018). PMID: 29688502

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  9. [9]

    Frias JP, De Block C, Brown K et al.. Tirzepatide Improved Markers of Islet Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in People With T2D (SURPASS-2). The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 38252888

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  10. [10]

    Wittert GA, Robledo KP, Handelsman DJ et al.. Testosterone Treatment and Sexual Function in Men: Secondary Analysis of the T4DM (Testosterone for Diabetes) Trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2025). PMID: 39928571

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  11. [11]

    Lingvay I, Bache JK, Desouza CV et al.. Efficacy and Hypoglycemia Profile of Once-weekly Insulin Icodec vs Once-daily Comparators Across Demographic Subgroups. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2025). PMID: 40102962

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  12. [12]

    Whyte MB, Shojaee-Moradie F, Sharaf SE et al.. Lixisenatide Reduces Chylomicron Triacylglycerol by Increased Clearance. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2019). PMID: 30215735

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  13. [13]

    Shehadeh N, Galassetti P, Iqbal N et al.. Safety, Growth, and Development After Dapagliflozin or Saxagliptin in Children With Type 2 Diabetes (T2NOW Follow-Up). The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2025). PMID: 39446459

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  14. [14]

    Ahmann AJ, Capehorn M, Charpentier G et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Once-Weekly Semaglutide Versus Exenatide ER in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN 3): A 56-Week, Open-Label, Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes care (2017). PMID: 29246950

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  15. [15]

    Rodbard HW, Rosenstock J, Canani LH et al.. Oral Semaglutide Versus Empagliflozin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled on Metformin: The PIONEER 2 Trial. Diabetes care (2019). PMID: 31530666

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  16. [16]

    Nauck MA, Petrie JR, Sesti G et al.. A Phase 2, Randomized, Dose-Finding Study of the Novel Once-Weekly Human GLP-1 Analog, Semaglutide, Compared With Placebo and Open-Label Liraglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes care (2015). PMID: 26358288

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  17. [17]

    Hadjadj S, Rosenstock J, Meinicke T et al.. Initial Combination of Empagliflozin and Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes care (2016). PMID: 27493136

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  18. [18]

    Zhang B, Cheng Z, Chen J et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial. Diabetes care (2024). PMID: 37943529

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  19. [19]

    Halden TAS, Kvitne KE, Midtvedt K et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Empagliflozin in Renal Transplant Recipients With Posttransplant Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes care (2019). PMID: 30862658

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  20. [20]

    Kuchay MS, Krishan S, Mishra SK et al.. Effect of Empagliflozin on Liver Fat in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial (E-LIFT Trial). Diabetes care (2018). PMID: 29895557

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  21. [21]

    Garvey WT, Birkenfeld AL, Dicker D et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Individuals With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Basal Insulin: The SCALE Insulin Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes care (2020). PMID: 32139381

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  22. [22]

    Zinman B, Aroda VR, Buse JB et al.. Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide Versus Placebo Added to Insulin With or Without Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The PIONEER 8 Trial. Diabetes care (2019). PMID: 31530667

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  23. [23]

    Ferreira JP, Oliveira AC, Saraiva FA et al.. Sodium-glucose co-transporter inhibitors in insulin-treated diabetes: a meta-analysis. European journal of endocrinology (2021). PMID: 33769961

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  24. [24]

    Stomby A, Otten J, Ryberg M et al.. Diet-induced weight loss alters hepatic glucocorticoid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. European journal of endocrinology (2020). PMID: 32069218

    L2RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  25. [25]

    Ajjan RA, Hensor EMA, Del Galdo F et al.. Oral 11β-HSD1 inhibitor AZD4017 improves wound healing and skin integrity in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pilot randomized controlled trial. European journal of endocrinology (2022). PMID: 35113805

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  26. [26]

    van Raalte DH, Bunck MC, Smits MM et al.. Exenatide improves β-cell function up to 3 years of treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. European journal of endocrinology (2016). PMID: 27466218

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  27. [27]

    Smits MM, Tonneijck L, Muskiet MH et al.. Heart rate acceleration with GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes patients: an acute and 12-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European journal of endocrinology (2016). PMID: 27777261

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  28. [28]

    Lemieux P, Weisnagel SJ, Caron AZ et al.. Effects of 6-month vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity and secretion: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. European journal of endocrinology (2019). PMID: 31344685

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  29. [29]

    Kristensen SL, Rørth R, Jhund PS et al.. Cardiovascular, mortality, and kidney outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2019). PMID: 31422062

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  30. [30]

    Sorli C, Harashima SI, Tsoukas GM et al.. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2017). PMID: 28110911

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  31. [31]

    Kadowaki T, Isendahl J, Khalid U et al.. Semaglutide once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes in an east Asian population (STEP 6): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3a trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2022). PMID: 35131037

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  32. [32]

    Mu Y, Bao X, Eliaschewitz FG et al.. Efficacy and safety of once weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg for weight management in a predominantly east Asian population with overweight or obesity (STEP 7): a double-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2024). PMID: 38330988

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  33. [33]

    Gastaldelli A, Cusi K, Fernández Landó L et al.. Effect of tirzepatide versus insulin degludec on liver fat content and abdominal adipose tissue in people with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3 MRI): a substudy of the randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 SURPASS-3 trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2022). PMID: 35468325

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  34. [34]

    le Roux CW, Steen O, Lucas KJ et al.. Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2024). PMID: 38330987

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  35. [35]

    Heise T, Mari A, DeVries JH et al.. Effects of subcutaneous tirzepatide versus placebo or semaglutide on pancreatic islet function and insulin sensitivity in adults with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-arm, phase 1 clinical trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2022). PMID: 35468322

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  36. [36]

    Wheeler DC, Stefánsson BV, Jongs N et al.. Effects of dapagliflozin on major adverse kidney and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetic and non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a prespecified analysis from the DAPA-CKD trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2021). PMID: 33338413

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  37. [37]

    Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD et al.. Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2020). PMID: 33264825

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  38. [38]

    Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K et al.. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2016). PMID: 27295427

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  39. [39]

    Bi Y, Li M, Liu Y et al.. Intensive Blood-Pressure Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2024). PMID: 39555827

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  40. [40]

    Davies MJ, Bajaj HS, Broholm C et al.. Cagrilintide-Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2025). PMID: 40544432

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  41. [41]

    Nathan DM, Lachin JM, Balasubramanyam A et al.. Glycemia Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes - Glycemic Outcomes. The New England journal of medicine (2022). PMID: 36129996

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  42. [42]

    Pittas AG, Dawson-Hughes B, Sheehan P et al.. Vitamin D Supplementation and Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2019). PMID: 31173679

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  43. [43]

    Kudva YC, Raghinaru D, Lum JW et al.. A Randomized Trial of Automated Insulin Delivery in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2025). PMID: 40105270

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  44. [44]

    Schauer PR, Bhatt DL, Kirwan JP et al.. Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes - 5-Year Outcomes. The New England journal of medicine (2017). PMID: 28199805

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  45. [45]

    Arslanian SA, Hannon T, Zeitler P et al.. Once-Weekly Dulaglutide for the Treatment of Youths with Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2022). PMID: 35658022

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  46. [46]

    Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Simon T et al.. Ticagrelor in Patients with Stable Coronary Disease and Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2019). PMID: 31475798

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  47. [47]

    Green CJ, Marjot T, Walsby-Tickle J et al.. Metformin maintains intrahepatic triglyceride content through increased hepatic de novo lipogenesis. European journal of endocrinology (2022). PMID: 35038311

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  48. [48]

    Karagiannis T, Avgerinos I, Liakos A et al.. Management of type 2 diabetes with the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia (2022). PMID: 35579691

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  49. [49]

    Davies M, Færch L, Jeppesen OK et al.. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) (2021). PMID: 33667417

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  50. [50]

    Garvey WT, Frias JP, Jastreboff AM et al.. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) (2023). PMID: 37385275

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  51. [51]

    Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP et al.. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) (2021). PMID: 34186022

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  52. [52]

    Bonaca MP, Catarig AM, Houlind K et al.. Semaglutide and walking capacity in people with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and type 2 diabetes (STRIDE): a phase 3b, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (London, England) (2025). PMID: 40169145

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  53. [53]

    Rosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff AM et al.. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA. Lancet (London, England) (2023). PMID: 37385280

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  54. [54]

    Kosiborod MN, Deanfield J, Pratley R et al.. Semaglutide versus placebo in patients with heart failure and mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: a pooled analysis of the SELECT, FLOW, STEP-HFpEF, and STEP-HFpEF DM randomised trials. Lancet (London, England) (2024). PMID: 39222642

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  55. [55]

    Armstrong MJ, Gaunt P, Aithal GP et al.. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet (London, England) (2015). PMID: 26608256

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  56. [56]

    Frias JP, Deenadayalan S, Erichsen L et al.. Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet (London, England) (2023). PMID: 37364590

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  57. [57]

    Frias JP, Hsia S, Eyde S et al.. Efficacy and safety of oral orforglipron in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, dose-response, phase 2 study. Lancet (London, England) (2023). PMID: 37369232

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  58. [58]

    Hannon TS, Chao LC, Barrientos-Pérez M et al.. Efficacy and safety of tirzepatide in children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-PEDS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) (2025). PMID: 40975112

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  59. [59]

    Blüher M, Rosenstock J, Hoefler J et al.. Dose-response effects on HbA1c and bodyweight reduction of survodutide, a dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist, compared with placebo and open-label semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial. Diabetologia (2023). PMID: 38095657

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  60. [60]

    Lingvay I, Benamar M, Chen L et al.. Once-weekly IcoSema versus once-weekly semaglutide in adults with type 2 diabetes: the COMBINE 2 randomised clinical trial. Diabetologia (2025). PMID: 39820580

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  61. [61]

    McCrimmon RJ, Catarig AM, Frias JP et al.. Effects of once-weekly semaglutide vs once-daily canagliflozin on body composition in type 2 diabetes: a substudy of the SUSTAIN 8 randomised controlled clinical trial. Diabetologia (2020). PMID: 31897524

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  62. [62]

    van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP, van Peet PG et al.. Integration of a fasting-mimicking diet programme in primary care for type 2 diabetes reduces the need for medication and improves glycaemic control: a 12-month randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia (2024). PMID: 38546821

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  63. [63]

    Wang W, Bain SC, Bian F et al.. Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide monotherapy vs placebo in a predominantly Chinese population with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 11): a double-blind, Phase IIIa, randomised trial. Diabetologia (2024). PMID: 38985162

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  64. [64]

    Ji L, Agesen RM, Bain SC et al.. Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide vs sitagliptin in a predominantly Chinese population with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled with metformin: PIONEER 12, a double-blind, Phase IIIa, randomised trial. Diabetologia (2024). PMID: 38985161

    L1RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  65. [65]

    Gao S, Zhang F, Xie X et al.. Comparison of effectiveness and safety of bexagliflozin and other sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in endocrinology (2026). PMID: 42211460

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  66. [66]

    Jeyaraman MM, Al-Yousif NSH, Singh Mann A et al.. Resveratrol for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). PMID: 31978258

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  67. [67]

    Gnesin F, Thuesen ACB, Kähler LKA et al.. Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). PMID: 32501595

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  68. [68]

    Madsen KS, Kähler P, Kähler LKA et al.. Metformin and second- or third-generation sulphonylurea combination therapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2019). PMID: 30998259

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  69. [69]

    Petrov MS. DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus: prime time for secondary disease. European journal of endocrinology (2021). PMID: 33460393

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  70. [70]

    Lapauw B, Kaufman JM. MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Rationale and current evidence for testosterone therapy in the management of obesity and its complications. European journal of endocrinology (2020). PMID: 33105105

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  71. [71]

    Zaharenko L, Kalnina I, Geldnere K et al.. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the intergenic region between metformin transporter OCT2 and OCT3 coding genes are associated with short-term response to metformin monotherapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. European journal of endocrinology (2016). PMID: 27609360

    L4OTHERCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  72. [72]

    Raptis D, Chiotis S, Papamichalis T et al.. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly basal insulin analogs versus daily basal insulin analogs in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Current diabetes reports (2026). PMID: 42277362

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  73. [73]

    Costa TA, de Sousa LMT, Nogueira A et al.. Association between SGLT2 inhibitors and outcomes after heart transplant in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart failure reviews (2026). PMID: 42249978

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  74. [74]

    Kelly M, Saluja S, Ellis HL et al.. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relative benefit of dual versus single oral hypoglycaemic therapy following diagnosis with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association (2026). PMID: 42165377

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  75. [75]

    Dao TP, Lung WC, Yang YZ et al.. Cardiovascular outcomes of novel SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis of bexagliflozin, ertugliflozin and sotagliflozin. Diabetes research and clinical practice (2026). PMID: 42086086

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  76. [76]

    Liu C, Mujahid O, Beneyto A et al.. Sex differences in glycemic outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diabetes treatments. BMJ open diabetes research & care (2026). PMID: 42020119

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  77. [77]

    Boccatonda A, D'Ardes D, Brighenti A et al.. GLP-1-based therapies and limb outcomes in PAD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world studies. Diabetes research and clinical practice (2026). PMID: 42009258

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  78. [78]

    Marassi M, Pollis RM, Fadini GP. Rethinking diabetes as a modifier of the weight-loss response to incretin-based therapies. A twin trial meta-regression. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD (2026). PMID: 41997798

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  79. [79]

    Zhu X, Wang X, Zhang P et al.. Efficacy and safety of novel antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: a network meta-analysis. Frontiers in endocrinology (2026). PMID: 41987895

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  80. [80]

    Samson SL, Vellanki P, Blonde L et al.. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Consensus Statement: Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm - 2023 Update. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (2023). PMID: 37150579

    L1OTHERCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  81. [81]

    Frid AH, Kreugel G, Grassi G et al.. New Insulin Delivery Recommendations. Mayo Clinic proceedings (2016). PMID: 27594187

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  82. [82]

    Jun JE, Oh DH, Jeong IK et al.. Dulaglutide versus empagliflozin as add-on therapy to metformin and sulfonylurea in type 2 diabetes: a randomized pilot study with exploratory metabolomic and microbiome analyses. Frontiers in endocrinology (2026). PMID: 42388875

    L2RCTCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  83. [83]

    Bailey CJ. Metformin: historical overview. Diabetologia (2017). PMID: 28776081

    L5OTHERCited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  84. [84]

    Sanchez-Rangel E, Inzucchi SE. Metformin: clinical use in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia (2017). PMID: 28770321

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard, Applicability and Caveats
  85. [85]

    Htoo PT, Tesfaye H, Schneeweiss S et al.. Effectiveness and safety of empagliflozin: final results from the EMPRISE study. Diabetologia (2024). PMID: 38509341

    L2OTHERCited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  86. [86]

    LaMoia TE, Shulman GI. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action. Endocrine reviews (2021). PMID: 32897388

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Bottom Line, Background: Evolution of Treatment, Current Evidence and Standard
  87. [87]

    Reinhart M, Puil L, Salzwedel DM et al.. First-line diuretics versus other classes of antihypertensive drugs for hypertension. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2023). PMID: 37439548

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Bottom Line, Current Evidence and Standard
  88. [88]

    Umpierrez GE, Smiley D, Zisman A et al.. Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes (RABBIT 2 trial). Diabetes care (2007). PMID: 17513708

    L1RCTCited in: Background: Evolution of Treatment
  89. [89]

    DeFronzo RA, Lewin A, Patel S et al.. Combination of empagliflozin and linagliptin as second-line therapy in subjects with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin. Diabetes care (2015). PMID: 25583754

    L1RCTCited in: Background: Evolution of Treatment
  90. [90]

    Van Raalte DH, van Genugten RE, Eliasson B et al.. The effect of alogliptin and pioglitazone combination therapy on various aspects of β-cell function in patients with recent-onset type 2 diabetes. European journal of endocrinology (2014). PMID: 24421302

    L1RCTCited in: Background: Evolution of Treatment
  91. [91]

    Reynolds RM, Labad J, Sears AV et al.. Glucocorticoid treatment and impaired mood, memory and metabolism in people with diabetes: the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study. European journal of endocrinology (2012). PMID: 22408122

    L3RCTCited in: Background: Evolution of Treatment
  92. [92]

    Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP et al.. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2008). PMID: 18539917

    L1RCTCited in: Background: Evolution of Treatment
  93. [93]

    Casteràs A, Zafon C, Ciudin A et al.. Are levothyroxine requirements lower in thyroidectomized diabetic patients on metformin treatment? Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association (2013). PMID: 23758637

    L4OTHERCited in: Background: Evolution of Treatment
  94. [94]

    Brophy S, Brunt H, Davies H et al.. Interventions for latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2007). PMID: 17636829

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Background: Evolution of Treatment
  95. [95]

    Dietsche KB, Magge SN, Dixon SA et al.. Glycemia and Gluconeogenesis With Metformin and Liraglutide: A Randomized Trial in Youth-onset Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 37967247

    L2RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  96. [96]

    Frias JP, Bonora E, Nevarez Ruiz L et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg Versus Dulaglutide 1.5 mg in Metformin-Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Controlled Trial (AWARD-11). Diabetes care (2021). PMID: 33397768

    L1RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  97. [97]

    Hartman ML, Sanyal AJ, Loomba R et al.. Effects of Novel Dual GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Tirzepatide on Biomarkers of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes care (2020). PMID: 32291277

    L1RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  98. [98]

    Heerspink HJL, Sattar N, Pavo I et al.. Effects of tirzepatide versus insulin glargine on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS-4 trial: post-hoc analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2022). PMID: 36152639

    L1RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard, Applicability and Caveats
  99. [99]

    Laffel LM, Danne T, Klingensmith GJ et al.. Efficacy and safety of the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin versus placebo and the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin versus placebo in young people with type 2 diabetes (DINAMO): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel group, phase 3 trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2023). PMID: 36738751

    L1RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard, On the Horizon
  100. [100]

    Hsiao YY, Chen YY, Kuo MJ et al.. SGLT2i and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Concomitant Atrial Fibrillation and Diabetes: A TriNetX Cohort Study. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2025). PMID: 39998428

    L2COHORTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  101. [101]

    le Roux CW, Astrup A, Fujioka K et al.. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet (London, England) (2017). PMID: 28237263

    L1RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  102. [102]

    Frias JP, Nauck MA, Van J et al.. Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet (London, England) (2018). PMID: 30293770

    L1RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  103. [103]

    Nicholls SJ, Pavo I, Bhatt DL et al.. Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes. The New England journal of medicine (2025). PMID: 41406444

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  104. [104]

    Rosenstock J, Bailey T, Connery L et al.. Weekly Fixed-Dose Insulin Efsitora in Type 2 Diabetes without Previous Insulin Therapy. The New England journal of medicine (2025). PMID: 40548694

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  105. [105]

    Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Rosenstock J et al.. Elecoglipron, an oral small molecule GLP-1 receptor agonist in adults with obesity or overweight (VISTA): a multicentre, phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet (London, England) (2026). PMID: 42259337

    L1RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  106. [106]

    Bajaj HS, Welch M, Shah P et al.. Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) (2026). PMID: 42250575

    L1RCTCited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  107. [107]

    Florez JC. The pharmacogenetics of metformin. Diabetologia (2017). PMID: 28770331

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  108. [108]

    Schwartz AV. Diabetes, bone and glucose-lowering agents: clinical outcomes. Diabetologia (2017). PMID: 28451714

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Current Evidence and Standard
  109. [109]

    Rigato M, Avogaro A, Vigili de Kreutzenberg S et al.. Effects of Basal Insulin on Lipid Profile Compared to Other Classes of Antihyperglycemic Agents in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2020). PMID: 32271381

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  110. [110]

    Pop-Busui R, Rosin SP, Butera NM et al.. Differences in Prevalence and Incidence of Electrocardiogram Abnormalities and Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy Among Randomized Glucose-Lowering Treatments in Early Type 2 Diabetes: The Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes (GRADE) Cohort. Diabetes care (2025). PMID: 40986645

    L2RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  111. [111]

    Nahra R, Wang T, Gadde KM et al.. Effects of Cotadutide on Metabolic and Hepatic Parameters in Adults With Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A 54-Week Randomized Phase 2b Study. Diabetes care (2021). PMID: 34016612

    L1RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  112. [112]

    Santilli F, Simeone PG, Guagnano MT et al.. Effects of Liraglutide on Weight Loss, Fat Distribution, and β-Cell Function in Obese Subjects With Prediabetes or Early Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes care (2017). PMID: 28912305

    L1RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  113. [113]

    . Glucose Variability in a 26-Week Randomized Comparison of Mealtime Treatment With Rapid-Acting Insulin Versus GLP-1 Agonist in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes at High Cardiovascular Risk. Diabetes care (2016). PMID: 27208320

    L1RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  114. [114]

    Qaseem A, Obley AJ, Shamliyan T et al.. Newer Pharmacologic Treatments in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Annals of internal medicine (2024). PMID: 38639546

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Applicability and Caveats, On the Horizon
  115. [115]

    Frías JP, Guja C, Hardy E et al.. Exenatide once weekly plus dapagliflozin once daily versus exenatide or dapagliflozin alone in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin monotherapy (DURATION-8): a 28 week, multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2016). PMID: 27651331

    L1RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  116. [116]

    Del Prato S, Kahn SE, Pavo I et al.. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England) (2021). PMID: 34672967

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  117. [117]

    Svanström H, Ueda P, Melbye M et al.. Use of liraglutide and risk of major cardiovascular events: a register-based cohort study in Denmark and Sweden. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2018). PMID: 30527909

    L2COHORTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  118. [118]

    Wang HH, Lin SH, Hung SY et al.. Renal Protective Effect of Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2025). PMID: 38986038

    L3OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  119. [119]

    Nabrdalik K, Kwiendacz H, Irlik K et al.. Machine Learning Identifies Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 38330228

    L3OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  120. [120]

    Croyal M, Saulnier PJ, Aguesse A et al.. Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2020). PMID: 32301490

    L2OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  121. [121]

    Ostrominski JW, Claggett BL, Miao ZM et al.. Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis of Trials of Heart Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease. Diabetes care (2025). PMID: 40019856

    L1OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  122. [122]

    Lalau JD, Kajbaf F, Bennis Y et al.. Metformin Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3A, 3B, or 4. Diabetes care (2018). PMID: 29305402

    L2OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  123. [123]

    Kwon S, Kim YC, Park JY et al.. The Long-term Effects of Metformin on Patients With Type 2 Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diabetes care (2020). PMID: 32132005

    L3OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  124. [124]

    Liaw J, Harhay M, Setoguchi S et al.. Trends in Prescribing Preferences for Antidiabetic Medications Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in the U.K. With and Without Chronic Kidney Disease, 2006-2020. Diabetes care (2022). PMID: 35984049

    L2OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  125. [125]

    Caparrotta TM, Blackbourn LAK, McGurnaghan SJ et al.. Prescribing Paradigm Shift? Applying the 2019 European Society of Cardiology-Led Guidelines on Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease to Assess Eligibility for Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists as First-Line Monotherapy (or Add-on to Metformin Monotherapy) in Type 2 Diabetes in Scotland. Diabetes care (2020). PMID: 32581068

    L5OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  126. [126]

    El-Damanawi R, Stanley IK, Staatz C et al.. Metformin for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2024). PMID: 38837240

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Applicability and Caveats, On the Horizon
  127. [127]

    Areosa Sastre A, Vernooij RW, González-Colaço Harmand M et al.. Effect of the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus on the development of cognitive impairment and dementia. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2017). PMID: 28617932

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  128. [128]

    de Boer IH, Khunti K, Sadusky T et al.. Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Consensus Report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Diabetes care (2022). PMID: 36189689

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Applicability and Caveats
  129. [129]

    Standl E, Schnell O, McGuire DK et al.. Integration of recent evidence into management of patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2017). PMID: 28131656

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Applicability and Caveats
  130. [130]

    Xie C, White JB, Huang W et al.. Endogenous Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Enhanced by Vildagliptin Reduces Triglyceride Appearance During Intraduodenal Fat Infusion in Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes (2026). PMID: 41591292

    L1RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  131. [131]

    Pearson ER, Del Prato S, Pavo I et al.. Predictors of Initial and Sustained Glycemic and Weight Response to Tirzepatide: A Post Hoc Analysis of SURPASS-4. Diabetes (2025). PMID: 40633089

    L2RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  132. [132]

    Mochizuki K, Fuchigami A, Hirose T et al.. Impact of baseline alanine aminotransferase levels on the efficacy of dapagliflozin and sitagliptin: Latent class analysis from the DIVERSITY-CVR study. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2025). PMID: 40563136

    L2RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  133. [133]

    Roos PR, van den Burg EL, Schoonakker MP et al.. Fasting-mimicking diet in type 2 diabetes reduces myocardial triglyceride content: A 12-month randomised controlled trial. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD (2025). PMID: 39934050

    L1RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  134. [134]

    Lu J, Sun S, Shang X et al.. Genetic Evidence for the Benefits and Risks of Glucose-Lowering Drugs on Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Drug-Target Mendelian Randomization Study. International journal of medical sciences (2026). PMID: 42328113

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  135. [135]

    Shabu A, Naqvi SM, Hesari F et al.. Effect of Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents on Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness in Patients With Cardiovascular Disease and/or Diabetes-A Systematic Review. Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism (2025). PMID: 41267359

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  136. [136]

    Eleftheriadou A, Riley D, Zhao SS et al.. Risk of diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular oedema with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: a real-world data study from a global federated database. Diabetologia (2024). PMID: 38584180

    L3OTHERCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  137. [137]

    Cavalcante PN, Barreto J, Kimura-Medorima ST et al.. Dapagliflozin reduces the white coat effect on systolic blood pressure of patients with type 2 diabetes: a post-hoc analysis from the ADDENDA-BHS 2 trial. Current medical research and opinion (2024). PMID: 39706688

    L2RCTCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  138. [138]

    Garabedian C, Sénat MV, Sananès N et al.. [Preexisting diabetes: Expert consensus from the College of French Gynecologists and Obstetricians and from the French Society of Diabetology]. Gynecologie, obstetrique, fertilite & senologie (2025). PMID: 41365423

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Applicability and Caveats
  139. [139]

    Borooghani H, Arabi M, Kazemi Jahromi M. Efficacy and Safety of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in People with Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review. Iranian journal of kidney diseases (2025). PMID: 42234904

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Applicability and Caveats
  140. [140]

    Mather KJ, Mari A, Heise T et al.. Effects of Tirzepatide vs Semaglutide on β-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, and Glucose Control During a Meal Test. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 38795393

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  141. [141]

    Pedersen AKN, Gormsen LC, Nielsen S et al.. Metformin Improves the Prerequisites for FGF21 Signaling in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 37776319

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  142. [142]

    Simonson DC, Testa MA, Ekholm E et al.. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Profiles and Health Outcomes After Dapagliflozin Plus Saxagliptin vs Insulin Glargine. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 38412282

    L2RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  143. [143]

    Cordiner RLM, Bedair K, Mari A et al.. Low-Dose Sulfonylurea Plus DPP4 Inhibitor Lower Blood Glucose and Enhance Beta-Cell Function Without Hypoglycemia. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 38267622

    L2RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  144. [144]

    Zeitler P, Galindo RJ, Davies MJ et al.. Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes and Tirzepatide Treatment: A Post Hoc Analysis From the SURPASS Clinical Trial Program. Diabetes care (2024). PMID: 38639997

    L2RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  145. [145]

    Latva-Rasku A, Rebelos E, Tuisku J et al.. SGLT2 Inhibitor Dapagliflozin Increases Skeletal Muscle and Brain Fatty Acid Uptake in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Positron Emission Tomography Study. Diabetes care (2024). PMID: 38941156

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  146. [146]

    Rasouli N, Younes N, Ghosh A et al.. Longitudinal Effects of Glucose-Lowering Medications on β-Cell Responses and Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes: The GRADE Randomized Clinical Trial. Diabetes care (2024). PMID: 38211595

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  147. [147]

    Chen ZZ, Lu C, Dreyfuss JM et al.. Circulating Metabolite Biomarkers of Glycemic Control in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes care (2024). PMID: 38935559

    L2RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  148. [148]

    Wang H, Cordiner RLM, Huang Y et al.. Cardiovascular Safety in Type 2 Diabetes With Sulfonylureas as Second-line Drugs: A Nationwide Population-Based Comparative Safety Study. Diabetes care (2023). PMID: 36944118

    L2RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  149. [149]

    Cengiz E, Danne T, Ahmad T et al.. International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2024: Insulin and Adjunctive Treatments in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes. Hormone research in paediatrics (2025). PMID: 39884261

    L1GUIDELINECited in: On the Horizon
  150. [150]

    Hansen LS, Gasbjerg LS, Brønden A et al.. The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 in the postprandial effects of metformin in type 2 diabetes: a randomized crossover trial. European journal of endocrinology (2024). PMID: 39049802

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  151. [151]

    Małecki MT, Batterham RL, Sattar N et al.. Predictors of ≥15% Weight Reduction and Associated Changes in Cardiometabolic Risk Factors With Tirzepatide in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in SURPASS 1-4. Diabetes care (2023). PMID: 37824793

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: On the Horizon
  152. [152]

    Zhang L, Zhang Y, Shen S et al.. Safety and effectiveness of metformin plus lifestyle intervention compared with lifestyle intervention alone in preventing progression to diabetes in a Chinese population with impaired glucose regulation: a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2023). PMID: 37414069

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  153. [153]

    Sandforth A, von Schwartzenberg RJ, Arreola EV et al.. Mechanisms of weight loss-induced remission in people with prediabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled, multicentre Prediabetes Lifestyle Intervention Study (PLIS). The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2023). PMID: 37769677

    L2RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  154. [154]

    Feig DS, Sanchez JJ, Murphy KE et al.. Outcomes in children of women with type 2 diabetes exposed to metformin versus placebo during pregnancy (MiTy Kids): a 24-month follow-up of the MiTy randomised controlled trial. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2023). PMID: 36746160

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  155. [155]

    Adler AI, Coleman RL, Leal J et al.. Post-trial monitoring of a randomised controlled trial of intensive glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes extended from 10 years to 24 years (UKPDS 91). Lancet (London, England) (2024). PMID: 38772405

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  156. [156]

    Nadeau KJ, Arslanian SA, Bacha F et al.. Insulin clearance at randomisation and in response to treatment in youth with type 2 diabetes: a secondary analysis of the TODAY randomised clinical trial. Diabetologia (2024). PMID: 39706874

    L2RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  157. [157]

    Moens de Hase E, Neyrinck AM, Rodriguez J et al.. Impact of metformin and Dysosmobacter welbionis on diet-induced obesity and diabetes: from clinical observation to preclinical intervention. Diabetologia (2023). PMID: 37897566

    L2RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  158. [158]

    Garrib A, Kivuyo S, Bates K et al.. Metformin for the prevention of diabetes among people with HIV and either impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) in Tanzania: a Phase II randomised placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia (2023). PMID: 37460828

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  159. [159]

    Xie C, Iroga P, Bound MJ et al.. Impact of the timing of metformin administration on glycaemic and glucagon-like peptide-1 responses to intraduodenal glucose infusion in type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Diabetologia (2024). PMID: 38561463

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  160. [160]

    Davidsen L, Jensen MH, Cook ME et al.. Metformin treatment is associated with reduced risk of hypoglycaemia, major adverse cardiovascular events, and all-cause mortality in patients with post-pancreatitis diabetes mellitus: a nationwide cohort study. European journal of endocrinology (2024). PMID: 38134412

    L2COHORTCited in: On the Horizon
  161. [161]

    Krishnan A, Schneider CV, Hadi Y et al.. Cardiovascular and mortality outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists vs other glucose-lowering drugs in individuals with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes: a large population-based matched cohort study. Diabetologia (2023). PMID: 38117293

    L2COHORTCited in: On the Horizon
  162. [162]

    Li Z, Lin C, Cai X et al.. Anti-diabetic agents and the risks of dementia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Alzheimer's research & therapy (2024). PMID: 39716328

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  163. [163]

    Hitt TA, Hannon TS, Magge SN. Approach to the Patient: Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2023). PMID: 37584397

    L5OTHERCited in: On the Horizon
  164. [164]

    Chung ST, Davis F, Patel T et al.. Reevaluating First-line Therapies in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2024). PMID: 37624230

    L5OTHERCited in: On the Horizon
  165. [165]

    Flowers E, Aouizerat BE, Kanaya AM et al.. MicroRNAs Associated With Incident Diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism (2023). PMID: 36477577

    L2OTHERCited in: On the Horizon
  166. [166]

    Yu OHY, Suissa S. Metformin and Cancer: Solutions to a Real-World Evidence Failure. Diabetes care (2023). PMID: 37185680

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: On the Horizon
  167. [167]

    Bao Y, Hu Y, Shi M et al.. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce epicardial adipose tissue more than GLP-1 agonists or exercise interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or obesity: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2024). PMID: 39639835

    L1SR_OBSCited in: On the Horizon
  168. [168]

    Shabil M, Khatib MN, Ballal S et al.. Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment in patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC endocrine disorders (2024). PMID: 39551761

    L1SR_OBSCited in: On the Horizon
  169. [169]

    Gunabalasingam S, Kyrka A, Hopkins L et al.. Interventions in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and postpartum periods to optimise care and health outcomes: A systematic review. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association (2024). PMID: 39527377

    L1SR_OBSCited in: On the Horizon
  170. [170]

    Xie Y, Bowe B, Xian H et al.. Comparative effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, and sulfonylureas on risk of major adverse cardiovascular events: emulation of a randomised target trial using electronic health records. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology (2023). PMID: 37499675

    L2OTHERCited in: On the Horizon
  171. [171]

    Munshi MN, Venditti EM, Tjaden AH et al.. Long-term impact of Diabetes Prevention Program interventions on walking endurance. Frontiers in public health (2024). PMID: 39744353

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  172. [172]

    Takahashi A, Nomoto H, Yokoyama H et al.. Efficacy of imeglimin treatment versus metformin dose escalation on glycemic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor plus low-dose metformin: A multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group comparison study (MEGMI study). Diabetes, obesity & metabolism (2024). PMID: 39726204

    L1RCTCited in: On the Horizon
  173. [173]

    Rosell-Díaz M, Fernández-Real JM. Metformin, Cognitive Function, and Changes in the Gut Microbiome. Endocrine reviews (2024). PMID: 37603460

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: On the Horizon

Revision History

All updates applied to this page

Loading revisions…