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Gastroenterology›Condition·Updated Jul 11, 2026·v1

Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic IBD managed with a treat-to-target approach. Diagnosis requires colonoscopy with biopsies and extent classification. Treatment ranges from 5-ASAs for mild disease to biologics and small molecules for moderate-to-severe disease. Acute severe colitis requires hospitalization, IV steroids, and early rescue therapy. Colectomy rates are declining with modern therapies.

High Evidence614 references·2,990 words·12 min read·v1
ulcerative colitisinflammatory bowel diseasegastroenterologycolitisIBD

Quick Reference

RxDrug of choiceMesalazine 2.4-4.8 g/day oral + topical for mild-moderate; infliximab 5 mg/kg IV at 0,2,6 then q8wk for biologic-naïve moderate-severe UC.
AltAlternativesBudesonide MMX 9 mg/day, prednisone 40 mg/day, vedolizumab, ustekinumab, tofacitinib, upadacitinib, ozanimod, etrasimod, guselkumab, mirikizumab, filgotinib.
⊘AvoidNon-dihydropyridine CCBs (verapamil, diltiazem), exacerbate symptoms; antidiarrheals in acute severe colitis; methotrexate monotherapy for maintenance; probiotics for remission.
DxTest of choiceIleocolonoscopy with segmental biopsies (gold standard); fecal calprotectin as first-line noninvasive biomarker.
ScKey scoreMayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES) for endoscopic severity; Truelove and Witts criteria for acute severe UC; Oxford criteria for steroid failure prediction.
→When to referUrgent surgical consultation for toxic megacolon, perforation, massive hemorrhage, or steroid-refractory ASUC not responding to rescue therapy within 48-72 hours; also for non-resectable dysplasia or colorectal cancer.
UC requires a structured approach: exclude infection, confirm diagnosis with colonoscopy, classify extent, treat according to severity with escalating therapy, and maintain remission with biologics/small molecules. Colectomy risk is low with modern therapy. Surveillance for CRC and VTE prophylaxis are critical.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing-remitting inflammatory bowel disease characterized by diffuse continuous mucosal inflammation starting at the anal verge and extending proximally, confined to the colon and rectum. An estimated 5 million people worldwide are affected. Key classifications include the Montreal system (E1 proctitis, E2 left-sided, E3 extensive) and severity scores (Mayo, UCEIS). Management has evolved from aminosalicylates and corticosteroids to advanced therapies targeting IL-23, JAK-STAT, and α4β7 integrin pathways, with treat-to-target goals of clinical and endoscopic remission.

Overview and Recommendations

Background

  • •Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic relapsing-remitting IBD characterized by continuous mucosal inflammation starting at the anal verge and extending proximally to a variable extent, confined to the colon and rectum. It affects approximately 5 million people worldwide, with highest incidence in Europe (24.3 per 100,000 person-years) and North America (19.2 per 100,000).
  • •Pathogenesis involves a primary defect in the mucus barrier (reduced MUC2), microbial dysbiosis (decreased butyrate producers, increased adherent-invasive E. coli and Candida), and immune activation via the IL-23/Th17 pathway, TNF-α, and α4β7 integrin-mediated lymphocyte trafficking. These mechanisms provide multiple therapeutic targets.
  • •Disease classification by extent (Montreal E1 proctitis ≤15 cm, E2 left-sided up to splenic flexure, E3 extensive/pancolitis) guides treatment and prognosis. Acute severe UC (ASUC) is defined by Truelove and Witts criteria (≥6 bloody stools/day plus systemic toxicity) and requires urgent hospitalization.
  • •The modern treat-to-target paradigm aims for clinical and endoscopic remission (Mayo endoscopic subscore 0-1). Colectomy risk has declined from ~13% to ~7% at 5 years with biologics (infliximab, vedolizumab, ustekinumab) and small molecules (tofacitinib, upadacitinib, ozanimod, etrasimod), driven by landmark trials such as ACT 1/2, GEMINI 1, UNIFI, OCTAVE, and U-ACHIEVE.

Evaluation

  • •Suspect UC in patients with bloody diarrhea, urgency, tenesmus, and abdominal pain. Exclude infectious colitis with stool culture, Clostridioides difficile toxin, and ova/parasite exam.
  • •Assess inflammation: fecal calprotectin <150 μg/g effectively rules out active endoscopic inflammation (negative LR ~0.28); CRP has modest sensitivity (49%) but high specificity (92%). Perform ileocolonoscopy with segmental biopsies as the gold standard to confirm diagnosis.
  • •Document continuous inflammation starting at the anal verge using the Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (0-3) or UCEIS (0-8). Classify extent by Montreal (E1/E2/E3), this determines treatment approach and prognostic counseling.
  • •Obtain baseline labs: CBC, CRP, albumin, ferritin. Check pANCA if diagnostic uncertainty exists (specificity 89%, sensitivity 55%). Consider intestinal ultrasound: bowel wall thickness >2.8 mm predicts remission (AUC 0.87).
  • •In ASUC, apply Truelove and Witts criteria (≥6 bloody stools/day plus pulse >90, temp >37.8°C, Hb <10.5 g/dL, or ESR >30 mm/h). Obtain abdominal X-ray for toxic megacolon (dilation >5.5 cm).
  • •Assess steroid response at day 3 using Oxford criteria: persistent stool frequency >8/day or CRP >45 mg/L predicts steroid failure with ~85% sensitivity and mandates rescue therapy.
  • •Biopsy for histology using the Nancy Index (grades 0-4) or Robarts score; histologic activity independently predicts relapse. Test for CMV by immunohistochemistry or PCR in steroid-refractory severe colitis.
  • •For long-standing disease (>8 years), perform surveillance colonoscopy with dye-based chromoendoscopy and targeted biopsies, random biopsies have negligible yield. In pregnancy, continue anti-TNF therapy; disease activity is more harmful than medication.

Management

  • •For mild-to-moderate active UC, begin mesalazine (5-ASA) 2.4-4.8 g/day oral plus topical enema or suppository. Alternatively, budesonide MMX 9 mg once daily for 8 weeks (combined clinical/endoscopic remission 17.4% vs 4.5% placebo). Reserve prednisone 40 mg/day for 5-ASA failures.
  • •For ASUC: hospitalize, start IV methylprednisolone 60 mg daily or hydrocortisone 100 mg q6h, plus VTE prophylaxis with enoxaparin 40 mg SC daily. Assess day 3 using Oxford criteria; continue IV steroids for up to 7 days.
  • •Steroid-refractory ASUC: initiate rescue therapy with infliximab 5 mg/kg IV at weeks 0, 2, 6 (then q8wk), ciclosporin 2 mg/kg/day continuous IV, or tofacitinib 10 mg BID. If no response in 48-72 hours, consult colorectal surgery for subtotal colectomy.
  • •After achieving remission, maintain with the same advanced therapy. In biologic-naïve patients, preferred higher-efficacy options (per 2024 AGA): infliximab, vedolizumab, ozanimod, etrasimod, upadacitinib, risankizumab, guselkumab.
  • •For prior anti-TNF failure, rank tofacitinib, upadacitinib, and ustekinumab highest. Combine anti-TNF with azathioprine 2-2.5 mg/kg/day to improve outcomes. Maintenance dosing: vedolizumab 300 mg IV q8wk or 108 mg SC q2wk; ustekinumab 90 mg SC q8-12wk; upadacitinib 15-30 mg daily; tofacitinib 5-10 mg BID.
  • •Taper corticosteroids over at least 10 weeks (6-week taper is inferior for steroid-free remission, RR 2.19). Use treat-to-target monitoring: clinical symptoms, fecal calprotectin <150 μg/g, colonoscopy every 1-3 years target Mayo 0-1.
  • •What NOT to do: methotrexate monotherapy for maintenance (no benefit); thiopurine monotherapy for induction; probiotics for remission; antidiarrheals, anticholinergics, or opioids in ASUC.
  • •Screen for latent infections (TB, hepatitis) before advanced therapy. Vaccinate against influenza, pneumococcus, and herpes zoster (especially before JAK inhibitors, HZ risk RR ~7).
  • •CRC surveillance: start colonoscopy 8-10 years after diagnosis, repeat every 1-3 years based on risk (PSC, prior dysplasia). Use chromoendoscopy. Recommend Mediterranean diet, regular physical activity; low-FODMAP for functional symptoms.
  • •Special populations: in pregnancy, continue anti-TNF; in elderly, assess frailty and consider vedolizumab for safety; in children, use weight-based 5-ASA (30-40 mg/kg/day).

Board Review — High Yield

  • •Montreal E1 (proctitis), Inflammation ≤15 cm from anal verge; often responds to topical 5-ASA alone.
  • •Truelove and Witts criteria, ≥6 bloody stools/day plus systemic toxicity defines acute severe UC; prompts hospitalisation and IV steroids.
  • •Oxford criteria, At day 3 of IV steroids, stool frequency >8/day or CRP >45 mg/L predicts need for rescue therapy (85% sensitivity).
  • •Fecal calprotectin <150 μg/g, Effectively rules out active endoscopic inflammation; normal CRP does not.
  • •Mayo Endoscopic Subscore 0, Normal mucosa; target of treat-to-target strategies. MES 0-1 is endoscopic remission.
  • •Vedolizumab, Gut-selective α4β7 integrin inhibitor; superior to adalimumab in head-to-head VARSITY trial; low infection risk.
  • •JAK inhibitors and herpes zoster, Tofacitinib and upadacitinib increase HZ risk (RR ~7); vaccinate before initiation.
  • •Dye-based chromoendoscopy, Preferred surveillance technique for dysplasia detection; random biopsies have negligible yield.
  • •Colectomy risk decline, 5-year risk ~7% in modern era (down from ~13% historically) due to biologics and small molecules.
  • •Anti-TNF continuation in pregnancy, Not associated with increased adverse outcomes; disease activity is more harmful than medication.

Deep Dive — Evidence Details

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