Skip to main content
WoMWeb of Medicine
SearchGraphHistory
Rheumatology›Condition·Updated Jul 2, 2026·v1

Psoriatic Arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory arthritis within the spondyloarthritis family, driven by an IL-23/IL-17 axis targeting the enthesis. It affects approximately 0.1-0.5% of the population and 30% of patients with psoriasis, with incidence rising globally. Diagnosis relies on the validated CASPAR criteria (≥3 points) and clinical recognition of inflammatory arthritis in a patient with psoriasis. Management follows a treat-to-target strategy aiming for minimal disease activity (MDA) or DAPSA remission, with a stepwise DMARD ladder: conventional synthetic DMARDs (methotrexate 15-25 mg/week) first-line, followed by biologic DMARDs (TNF inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors, IL-23 inhibitors) or JAK inhibitors for inadequate response. Early treatment with modern biologics can achieve sustained remission in 30-50% of patients and slow radiographic progression. However, cardiovascular mortality remains elevated (HR 1.36), mandating aggressive comorbidity management. Special considerations include pregnancy (continue certolizumab), avoidance of IL-17 inhibitors in IBD, and careful patient selection for JAK inhibitors due to safety concerns.

High Evidence502 references·12,165 words·49 min read·v1
psoriatic arthritisspondyloarthritisinflammatory arthritisenthesitisdactylitisCASPAR criteriaIL-23/IL-17 axistreat-to-targetbiologicsJAK inhibitorsrheumatology

Quick Reference

RxDrug of choiceMethotrexate 15-25 mg/week orally or subcutaneously as first-line csDMARD; for biologic-naïve patients with active peripheral arthritis, adalimumab 40 mg every other week or secukinumab 150-300 mg every 4 weeks are first-line bDMARDs.
AltAlternativesLeflunomide 20 mg/day, sulfasalazine 2-3 g/day, apremilast 30 mg twice daily; IL-17 inhibitors (ixekizumab, bimekizumab), IL-23 inhibitors (guselkumab, risankizumab), IL-12/23 inhibitor (ustekinumab), TNF inhibitors (etanercept, golimumab, certolizumab, infliximab), JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib, upadacitinib).
⊘AvoidIL-17 inhibitors in active inflammatory bowel disease; non-dihydropyridine CCBs (diltiazem, verapamil) exacerbate heart failure if present; avoid prolonged systemic glucocorticoids (>3 months) without steroid-sparing DMARD; JAK inhibitors in patients aged ≥65 with cardiovascular risk factors or history of MACE.
DxTest of choiceCASPAR criteria (≥3 points) for diagnosis; radiographs of hands and feet for structural damage; ultrasound with power Doppler for synovitis and enthesitis; MRI with STIR sequences for axial disease if radiographs are normal.
ScKey scoreMinimal Disease Activity (MDA) criteria: 5 of 7 met (tender joint count ≤1, swollen joint count ≤1, PASI ≤1 or BSA ≤3%, pain VAS ≤15 mm, patient global VAS ≤20 mm, HAQ ≤0.5, enthesitis count ≤1). DAPSA score: remission ≤4, low activity >4-14, moderate >14-28, high >28.
→When to referAll patients with suspected or confirmed PsA to rheumatology; acute red painful eye with photophobia to ophthalmology; new-onset diarrhea or abdominal pain to gastroenterology; high cardiovascular risk or established CVD to cardiology; severe psoriasis to dermatology; inadequate response to two bDMARDs with different mechanisms to a specialist centre for difficult-to-treat PsA.
PsA is a treatable but progressive disease; early diagnosis using CASPAR criteria and a treat-to-target strategy aiming for MDA or DAPSA remission with stepwise escalation from csDMARDs to bDMARDs (TNFi, IL-17i, IL-23i) or JAK inhibitors can achieve sustained remission in 30-50% of patients and prevent irreversible joint damage; cardiovascular risk management is essential due to excess mortality.
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory arthritis within the spondyloarthritis family, affecting approximately 0.1-0.5% of the general population and up to 30% of patients with psoriasis. It is driven by an IL-23/IL-17 axis targeting the enthesis, leading to peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis, axial disease, and characteristic skin/nail involvement. Early diagnosis using the validated CASPAR criteria (≥3 points) and a treat-to-target strategy aiming for minimal disease activity (MDA) are critical, as untreated disease causes irreversible joint damage (erosions in 24.6% within 5 years) and excess cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.36). Management follows a stepwise DMARD ladder: conventional synthetic DMARDs (methotrexate 15-25 mg/week) first-line, then biologic DMARDs (TNF inhibitors, IL-17 inhibitors, IL-23 inhibitors) or JAK inhibitors for inadequate response, with tapering considered after ≥6 months of sustained remission.

Overview and Recommendations

Background

  • •Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory arthritis belonging to the spondyloarthritis (SpA) family, affecting approximately 0.1-0.5% of the general population and 30% of patients with psoriasis. It carries a substantial disease burden: untreated 5-year mortality is increased by 36% (HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.12-1.66), primarily driven by cardiovascular disease, and radiographic erosions develop in 24.6% within the first 5 years of symptom onset.
  • •The disease is fundamentally an entheseal disorder, the insertion site of tendon or ligament into bone is the primary anatomical locus of inflammation. The IL-23/IL-17 cytokine axis is the central effector pathway; genetic variants in IL23R, IL12B, and ERAP1, along with HLA-C*06:02 and HLA-B27, confer susceptibility. Biomechanical microtrauma triggers local IL-23 release from myeloid cells, activating entheseal-resident γδ T cells and innate lymphoid cells to produce IL-17A, TNF, and IL-22, orchestrating both bone erosion and new bone formation.
  • •The classic Moll and Wright classification defines five clinical subtypes: oligoarticular (≤4 joints, asymmetric, 30-40%), polyarticular (≥5 joints, 30-40%), distal interphalangeal (DIP) predominant (5-10%), arthritis mutilans (<5%), and axial (spondylitis, 20-30%). These subtypes are not mutually exclusive; axial involvement frequently coexists with peripheral arthritis, and patients may transition between patterns over time.
  • •The CASPAR (ClASsification criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis) criteria, developed in 2006, provide a validated classification tool requiring ≥3 points from: current psoriasis (2 points), personal/family history of psoriasis (1), nail dystrophy (1), dactylitis (1), negative rheumatoid factor (1), and juxta-articular new bone formation on radiographs (1). Sensitivity is 91.4% and specificity 98.7% for distinguishing PsA from other inflammatory arthritides.
  • •PsA is the second most common inflammatory arthritis after rheumatoid arthritis. Incidence has risen 2.4-fold over 5 decades in the US (3.6 to 8.5 per 100,000 person-years), driven by rising obesity, aging populations, and improved recognition. Modifiable risk factors for PsA in psoriasis patients include obesity (BMI ≥30: OR 2.0-3.0), smoking (OR 1.5-2.0), severe psoriasis (BSA >10%: HR 2.5), nail psoriasis, and physical trauma (deep Koebner phenomenon).
  • •The disease is associated with significant extra-articular comorbidities: metabolic syndrome (40-50% prevalence), inflammatory bowel disease (6-8%), acute anterior uveitis (25% lifetime risk, especially in HLA-B27+ patients), and interstitial lung disease (5-10%). These comorbidities influence treatment selection, for example, IL-17 inhibitors are avoided in active IBD, while TNF inhibitors and IL-23 inhibitors are preferred.

Evaluation

  • •Suspect PsA in any patient with psoriasis (or family history) who presents with inflammatory joint pain, morning stiffness >30 minutes, improvement with activity, swelling of entire digits (dactylitis, or 'sausage digit'), or pain at tendon/ligament insertions (enthesitis, most commonly Achilles tendon or plantar fascia).
  • •Ask about skin and nail changes: plaque psoriasis (scalp, extensor surfaces, umbilicus, intergluteal cleft) and nail changes (pitting, onycholysis, subungual hyperkeratosis). Nail psoriasis is present in 50-70% of PsA patients and is a strong predictor of arthritis.
  • •Examine with the patient in a gown, palpating for synovitis in hands (especially DIP joints, which are characteristic), wrists, knees, ankles, and MTPs. Assess for dactylitis by comparing digit circumference. Test for enthesitis by applying firm pressure to the Achilles insertion, plantar fascia origin, medial femoral condyles, and lateral epicondyles using the Leeds Enthesitis Index (LEI).
  • •Assess axial involvement: check for inflammatory back pain (insidious onset, morning stiffness >30 min, improvement with exercise but not rest, nocturnal pain), measure spinal mobility (Schober test <5 cm indicates reduced lumbar flexion), and chest expansion (<2.5 cm suggests costovertebral involvement).
  • •Perform a full skin examination to quantify psoriasis severity (Psoriasis Area and Severity Index [PASI] or body surface area [BSA]). The CASPAR criteria can be applied at bedside: current psoriasis = 2 points; any one of nail dystrophy, dactylitis, negative RF, or family history of psoriasis = 1 point each; score ≥3 supports diagnosis.
  • •Order laboratory studies: rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-CCP (both negative in PsA; if positive, consider rheumatoid arthritis), C-reactive protein (CRP) and ESR (may be elevated but CRP is normal in ~40% of patients), and uric acid (to exclude gout in monoarticular presentation). Consider HLA-B27 testing if axial disease is suspected (positive in ~25% of axial PsA vs 90% in ankylosing spondylitis).
  • •Obtain radiographs of hands and feet as first-line imaging. Look for erosions with adjacent new bone formation (pencil-in-cup deformity), juxta-articular periostitis, and ankylosis. A modified Sharp/van der Heijde score quantifies damage. For axial disease, consider radiographs of the sacroiliac joints and spine; look for asymmetric sacroiliitis and chunky, non-marginal syndesmophytes.
  • •If radiographs are normal but clinical suspicion remains high, order ultrasound with power Doppler of symptomatic joints and entheses. Ultrasound has high sensitivity for synovitis and enthesitis; power Doppler signal at entheses has 92% specificity for PsA. Ultrasound can detect subclinical enthesitis in up to 40% of psoriasis patients without arthritis, and its presence predicts progression to PsA.
  • •Consider magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with STIR sequences if axial involvement is suspected and radiographs are normal, or if peripheral ultrasound is inconclusive. Whole-body MRI can assess both peripheral and axial inflammation simultaneously and is useful for complex cases.
  • •Also consider alternative diagnoses: rheumatoid arthritis (symmetric small joint disease, positive RF/anti-CCP), gout (monoarticular, elevated uric acid, urate crystals on arthrocentesis), reactive arthritis (recent infection, conjunctivitis, urethritis), osteoarthritis (Heberden's/Bouchard's nodes, morning stiffness <30 min, no inflammatory markers), and fibromyalgia (widespread pain, tender points, fatigue, no synovitis). Fibromyalgia affects 10-30% of PsA patients and complicates disease activity assessment.
  • •Apply the CASPAR criteria as a diagnostic aid. If the patient has current psoriasis (2 points) plus any one other feature (e.g., dactylitis or nail dystrophy), the threshold of ≥3 points is met. In patients without psoriasis (PsA sine psoriasis), sensitivity drops to ~80%, so imaging and close follow-up are essential.
  • •Refer to rheumatology for confirmation and management. Early diagnosis and referral within the first year reduce radiographic progression and improve outcomes. A treat-to-target strategy initiated early produces superior outcomes compared to standard care.
  • •Assess disease activity using validated composite measures: DAPSA (sum of 66 swollen joints, 68 tender joints, patient global VAS, pain VAS, and CRP) or MDA criteria (5 of 7: tender joint count ≤1, swollen joint count ≤1, PASI ≤1 or BSA ≤3%, pain VAS ≤15 mm, patient global VAS ≤20 mm, HAQ ≤0.5, enthesitis count ≤1). MDA is the recommended target in EULAR and ACR guidelines. Perform monitoring every 1-3 months during dose escalation and every 3-6 months once target is achieved.
  • •Red flags that mandate urgent evaluation: acute monoarthritis with fever (septic arthritis), rapidly progressive symmetric polyarthritis with positive RF (rheumatoid arthritis), acute anterior uveitis (red, painful eye with photophobia, urgent ophthalmology referral), new-onset inflammatory bowel disease symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, may worsen with IL-17 inhibitors), and rapidly progressive joint destruction with telescoping digits (arthritis mutilans).

Management

  • •Initiate conventional synthetic DMARD (csDMARD) therapy as first-line for active peripheral arthritis with no poor prognostic features. Start methotrexate (MTX) 15-25 mg orally or subcutaneously once weekly, with folic acid 5 mg weekly to reduce gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicity. Target dose is 20-25 mg/week; assess response at 12 weeks. Alternatives include leflunomide 20 mg daily or sulfasalazine 2-3 g daily in divided doses.
  • •If the treat-to-target target (MDA or DAPSA low disease activity) is not reached after 3-6 months of adequate csDMARD therapy, add a biologic DMARD (bDMARD). The choice depends on the dominant clinical domain: for peripheral arthritis, any TNF inhibitor, IL-17 inhibitor, IL-12/23 inhibitor, or IL-23 inhibitor is acceptable. For axial disease, prefer IL-17 inhibitors (secukinumab 150-300 mg every 4 weeks) or TNF inhibitors. For prominent skin psoriasis, IL-17 or IL-23 inhibitors are preferred.
  • •For TNF inhibitors: adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously every other week, etanercept 50 mg weekly, golimumab 50 mg monthly, certolizumab pegol 200 mg every 2 weeks (or 400 mg monthly), or infliximab 5 mg/kg intravenously at weeks 0, 2, 6, then every 8 weeks. TNF inhibitors remain the most extensively studied class with an NNT of 4 for ACR20; they also inhibit radiographic progression (mean Δ modified Sharp/van der Heijde score -0.53).
  • •For IL-17 inhibitors: secukinumab 150-300 mg subcutaneously weekly for 4 weeks, then every 4 weeks; ixekizumab 160 mg initially, then 80 mg every 2-4 weeks; bimekizumab 160 mg every 4 weeks. IL-17 inhibitors are particularly effective for axial disease (MAXIMISE trial: BASDAI50 63% vs 31% for placebo at week 12, NNT=4) and provide rapid skin clearance. Avoid IL-17 inhibitors in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease, as they can cause paradoxical disease exacerbation.
  • •For IL-23 inhibitors (p19-targeted): guselkumab 100 mg subcutaneously at weeks 0, 4, then every 8 weeks; risankizumab 150 mg at weeks 0, 4, then every 12 weeks. These are effective for peripheral arthritis and skin disease (DISCOVER-2: ACR20 64% vs 33% at week 24, NNT=4). Do not use IL-23 inhibitors as first-line for axial PsA; the evidence for axial efficacy is less robust than for IL-17 inhibitors.
  • •For IL-12/23 inhibitor (p40-targeted): ustekinumab 45-90 mg subcutaneously based on weight, at weeks 0, 4, then every 12 weeks. ACR20 42% vs 20% at week 24 (NNT=5). Adding methotrexate to ustekinumab does not improve efficacy (MUST trial).
  • •If the first bDMARD fails (inadequate response after 3-6 months), switch to a bDMARD with a different mechanism of action. For TNF inhibitor failure, options include IL-17 inhibitors (ixekizumab: ACR20 48% in TNFi-IR patients, NNT=4) or IL-23 inhibitors. For IL-17 inhibitor failure, consider TNF inhibitors or IL-23 inhibitors.
  • •JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily, upadacitinib 15 mg once daily) are positioned as second-line after bDMARD failure, or as first-line in patients with contraindications to bDMARDs. Efficacy: upadacitinib 15 mg achieved ACR20 57% vs 24% in bDMARD-IR patients (NNT=4). However, JAK inhibitors carry a boxed warning for serious infections, malignancy, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), especially in patients aged ≥50 years with cardiovascular risk factors. Screen for cardiovascular risk before starting; avoid in patients with history of MACE or age >65 per EULAR recommendations.
  • •Tapering can be considered once MDA is maintained for ≥6 months. Gradually prolong the dosing interval (e.g., reduce TNF inhibitor dose by 50% or extend interval). The DRESS-PS trial showed that structured tapering is non-inferior to continuation over 12 months. Complete withdrawal is not recommended because flare rates exceed 60% within 6 months.
  • •Monitor for treatment response every 1-3 months during dose escalation using DAPSA or MDA criteria. Target: MDA or DAPSA remission (≤4). Once target is achieved, monitor every 3-6 months. Assess for flares using the GRAPPA-OMERACT definition (≥1 point increase in patient global, ≥1 swollen joint, ≥1 tender joint, plus decision to escalate therapy).
  • •Manage acute flares promptly. For mild flare (≤2 joints): NSAIDs (naproxen 500 mg twice daily) or intra-articular corticosteroids (triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg for large joints). For moderate flare (3-5 joints, enthesitis, dactylitis): short-course systemic glucocorticoids (prednisone 10-20 mg/day tapered over 2-4 weeks). For severe flare (≥6 joints, axial pain, pustular/erythrodermic psoriasis, uveitis, IBD): prednisone 0.5-1 mg/kg/day (max 60 mg/day) with rapid taper, and escalate DMARD therapy. Avoid prolonged glucocorticoid use (>3 months) due to metabolic and cardiovascular risks.
  • •Do not use oral glucocorticoids as monotherapy for long-term disease control. Do not combine two bDMARDs (e.g., TNFi + IL-17i) due to increased infection risk without additive efficacy. Do not use IL-23 inhibitors as first-line for axial disease. Do not abruptly discontinue biologics without bridging; flare risk increases 2-4 fold.
  • •Refer to rheumatology for all patients with confirmed or suspected PsA. Refer to ophthalmology urgently for acute red, painful eye with photophobia (uveitis). Refer to gastroenterology if IBD symptoms develop. Refer to cardiology for cardiovascular risk assessment and management in patients with high risk or established disease. Refer to dermatology for management of severe psoriasis.
  • •Discharge criteria from acute care: resolution of organ-threatening manifestations (uveitis, IBD flare, severe psoriasis), stabilization of disease activity, establishment of appropriate DMARD therapy, and arrangement of outpatient rheumatology follow-up within 2-4 weeks. For elective surgery: continue csDMARDs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine) through surgery; hold TNF inhibitors for one dosing cycle before surgery and restart when wound healing is adequate (usually 14 days post-op).

Board Review — High Yield

  • •CASPAR criteria, Requires ≥3 points: current psoriasis (2), personal/family history of psoriasis (1), nail dystrophy (1), dactylitis (1), negative RF (1), juxta-articular new bone formation (1). Sensitivity 91.4%, specificity 98.7%.
  • •Enthesitis, Pathognomonic feature of PsA; the primary site of inflammation is the enthesis, driven by IL-23/IL-17 axis. Most common sites: Achilles tendon and plantar fascia. Assess with Leeds Enthesitis Index.
  • •Dactylitis ('sausage digit'), Results from flexor tenosynovitis; affects 30-40% of PsA patients. Diagnostic hallmark that distinguishes PsA from rheumatoid arthritis.
  • •Arthritis mutilans, Severe destructive form with telescoping digits ('opera-glass hand') and pencil-in-cup deformity on radiographs. <5% of PsA patients; requires aggressive therapy.
  • •Moll and Wright subtypes, Five clinical patterns: oligoarticular (asymmetric, ≤4 joints), polyarticular (≥5 joints), DIP predominant, arthritis mutilans, axial. Patients may transition between subtypes.
  • •Treat-to-target, Aim for Minimal Disease Activity (MDA) or DAPSA remission. STAMP trial: intensive first-line secukinumab + MTX achieved MDA in 62% vs 40% with step-up at 1 year.
  • •IL-17 inhibitors contraindicated in IBD, Secukinumab, ixekizumab, bimekizumab can cause paradoxical exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. Use TNF inhibitors or IL-23 inhibitors instead.
  • •JAK inhibitors boxed warning, Increased risk of serious infections, malignancy, MACE, and thrombosis, especially in patients ≥50 years with CV risk factors. EULAR recommends reserving for after bDMARD failure and avoiding in patients >65 with CV risk.
  • •Pregnancy management, Certolizumab pegol is preferred TNF inhibitor due to minimal placental transfer (cord blood <0.032 μg/mL). Methotrexate and leflunomide contraindicated. Disease activity during pregnancy increases preterm birth risk (aOR 1.8).
  • •Cardiovascular risk, PsA independently increases CV mortality (RR 1.49). EULAR recommends applying a 1.5 multiplier to SCORE algorithm. All patients should have annual BP, lipids, and glucose screening.

Deep Dive — Evidence Details

References

  1. [1]

    Reinisch W, Hellstrom W, Dolhain RJEM et al.. “Effects of filgotinib on semen parameters and sex hormones in male patients with inflammatory diseases: results from the phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled MANTA and MANTA-RAy studies.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2023). PMID: 37137672 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  2. [2]

    Hollick RJ, Macfarlane GJ. “Association of Rural Setting With Poorer Disease Outcomes for Patients With Rheumatic Diseases: Results From a Systematic Review of the Literature.” Arthritis care & research (2021). PMID: 32170834 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  3. [3]

    Winthrop KL, Mease P, Kerschbaumer A et al.. “Unmet need in rheumatology: reports from the Advances in Targeted Therapies meeting, 2023.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024). PMID: 38123338 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  4. [4]

    Winthrop KL, Bathon J, Kerschbaumer A et al.. “Chasing the target: reports from the Advances in Targeted Therapies meeting, 2024.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2025). PMID: 40240265 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  5. [5]

    Zayat AS, Ellegaard K, Conaghan PG et al.. “The specificity of ultrasound-detected bone erosions for rheumatoid arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2014). PMID: 24445255 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  6. [6]

    Helliwell PS, Porter G, Taylor WJ. “Polyarticular psoriatic arthritis is more like oligoarticular psoriatic arthritis, than rheumatoid arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2006). PMID: 16840501 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  7. [7]

    Polachek A, Furer V, Zureik M et al.. “Role of ultrasound for assessment of psoriatic arthritis patients with fibromyalgia.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2021). PMID: 34215648 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  8. [8]

    Duer A, Østergaard M, Hørslev-Petersen K et al.. “Magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of unclassified arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2007). PMID: 17289759 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  9. [9]

    Mandl LA, Zhu R, Huang WT et al.. “Short-Term Total Hip Arthroplasty Outcomes in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis or Psoriatic Skin Disease Compared to Patients With Osteoarthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2016). PMID: 26360522 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  10. [10]

    Labitigan M, Bahče-Altuntas A, Kremer JM et al.. “Higher rates and clustering of abnormal lipids, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in psoriatic arthritis compared with rheumatoid arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2014). PMID: 24115739 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  11. [11]

    Mease P, Reed G, Ogdie A et al.. “Prevalence of Fibromyalgia and Widespread Pain in Psoriatic Arthritis: Association With Disease Severity Assessment in a Large US Registry.” Arthritis care & research (2024). PMID: 38736168 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  12. [12]

    Chaudhry ZS, Nellessen N, Reis C et al.. “The development of inflammatory arthritis following SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review of the literature.” Family practice (2022). PMID: 35395090 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  13. [13]

    Hanna N, Silverberg OM, Reaume M et al.. “Incidence, prevalence, and predictors of inflammatory arthritis in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” International journal of dermatology (2021). PMID: 34432308 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  14. [14]

    Chessa E, Piga M, Floris A et al.. “Biologics and Targeted Synthetic Drugs Can Induce Immune-Mediated Glomerular Disorders in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: An Updated Systematic Literature Review.” BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy (2021). PMID: 33595833 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  15. [15]

    Mitrovic S, Hassold N, Kamissoko A et al.. “Adult-onset Still's disease or systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis and spondyloarthritis: overlapping syndrome or phenotype shift?” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 34559214 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  16. [16]

    Ogdie A, Maliha S, Shin D et al.. “Cause-specific mortality in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2017). PMID: 28158384 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  17. [17]

    Folle L, Bayat S, Kleyer A et al.. “Advanced neural networks for classification of MRI in psoriatic arthritis, seronegative, and seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 35333316 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  18. [18]

    Cutolo M, Soldano S, Smith V et al.. “Dynamic macrophage phenotypes in autoimmune and inflammatory rheumatic diseases.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40721670 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature, Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  19. [19]

    Schlereth M, Mutlu MY, Utz J et al.. “Deep learning-based classification of erosion, synovitis and osteitis in hand MRI of patients with inflammatory arthritis.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38886001 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  20. [20]

    Stouten V, Pazmino S, Verschueren P et al.. “Comorbidity burden in the first three years after diagnosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or spondyloarthritis: a general practice registry-based study.” RMD open (2021). PMID: 34158353 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  21. [21]

    Hen O, Di Matteo A, Dubash SR et al.. “High prevalence of radiographic erosions in early, untreated PsA: results from the SpARRO cohort.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38580344 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  22. [22]

    Lubrano E, Scriffignano S, Morelli R et al.. “Assessment of Widespread and Extraarticular Pain in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Case-control Study.” The Journal of rheumatology (2021). PMID: 33452167 ↗

    L3CASE_CONTROLCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  23. [23]

    Rebollo-Giménez AI, Rosina S, Natoli V et al.. “Clinical features, treatment and outcomes of Italian children with enthesitis-related arthritis and juvenile psoriatic arthritis: a cross-sectional cohort study.” Clinical and experimental rheumatology (2023). PMID: 38147312 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Definition, Classification & Nomenclature
  24. [24]

    Geenen R, Overman CL, Christensen R et al.. “EULAR recommendations for the health professional's approach to pain management in inflammatory arthritis and osteoarthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2018). PMID: 29724726 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, History and Evolution of Treatment
  25. [25]

    van Mens LJJ, van de Sande MGH, Menegatti S et al.. “Brief Report: Interleukin-17 Blockade With Secukinumab in Peripheral Spondyloarthritis Impacts Synovial Immunopathology Without Compromising Systemic Immune Responses.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2018). PMID: 29869838 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  26. [26]

    Marzo-Ortega H, Harrison SR, Fragoulis GE et al.. “EULAR points to consider and consensus definitions for difficult-to-manage and treatment-refractory psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2025). PMID: 41168056 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  27. [27]

    Rahman P, Siannis F, Butt C et al.. “TNFalpha polymorphisms and risk of psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2005). PMID: 16284098 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  28. [28]

    Kastrati K, Aletaha D, Burmester GR et al.. “A systematic literature review informing the consensus statement on efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment with interleukin-6 pathway inhibition with biological DMARDs in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.” RMD open (2022). PMID: 36260501 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  29. [29]

    Patel DD, Lee DM, Kolbinger F et al.. “Effect of IL-17A blockade with secukinumab in autoimmune diseases.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2012). PMID: 23253932 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  30. [30]

    McGonagle D, Ash Z, Dickie L et al.. “The early phase of psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2011). PMID: 21339224 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  31. [31]

    Reveille JD. “The genetic basis of spondyloarthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2011). PMID: 21339218 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  32. [32]

    Lesturgie-Talarek M, Gonzalez V, Beaudoin L et al.. “Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Rheumatic Diseases.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2025). PMID: 40395188 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  33. [33]

    Hum RM, Christofi M, Smith SL et al.. “Synovial immunopathology in psoriatic arthritis: cellular and molecular insights.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41043452 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  34. [34]

    Macleod T, Bridgewood C, McGonagle D. “Role of neutrophil interleukin-23 in spondyloarthropathy spectrum disorders.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2023). PMID: 38251507 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  35. [35]

    Griffiths CEM, Armstrong AW, Gudjonsson JE et al.. “Psoriasis.” Lancet (London, England) (2021). PMID: 33812489 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  36. [36]

    Griffiths CE, Barker JN. “Pathogenesis and clinical features of psoriasis.” Lancet (London, England) (2007). PMID: 17658397 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Clinical Presentation
  37. [37]

    Veale DJ, Fearon U. “The pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis.” Lancet (London, England) (2018). PMID: 29893226 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  38. [38]

    Nagra D, Zuckerman B, Odia J et al.. “The role of interleukin-17 inhibition in systemic lupus erythematosus-paradoxical hindrance or new therapeutic potential? Results from a systematic literature review and mendelian randomization.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 41918754 ↗

    L3SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  39. [39]

    Zeng J, Lin L, Li W et al.. “Clinical benefits and complication profile of IL-23 inhibitors in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Frontiers in pharmacology (2025). PMID: 41282632 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  40. [40]

    Tsiogkas SG, Gkouvi A, Kontouli KM et al.. “Janus kinase inhibitors for psoriatic arthritis: Evidence from a systematic review and network meta-analysis.” Autoimmunity reviews (2025). PMID: 40268128 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  41. [41]

    López-Medina C, McGonagle D, Gossec L. “Subclinical psoriatic arthritis and disease interception-where are we in 2024?” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 39150442 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  42. [42]

    Mease P, van den Bosch F. “IL-23 and axial disease: do they come together?” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 34668015 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Clinical Presentation
  43. [43]

    White JPE, Coates LC. “JAK1 selective inhibitors for the treatment of spondyloarthropathies.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33950224 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  44. [44]

    Goldring SR. “Differential mechanisms of de-regulated bone formation in rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2016). PMID: 27856661 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  45. [45]

    Russolillo A, Iervolino S, Peluso R et al.. “Obesity and psoriatic arthritis: from pathogenesis to clinical outcome and management.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2012). PMID: 22989426 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  46. [46]

    Jethwa H, Abraham S. “The evidence for microbiome manipulation in inflammatory arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2017). PMID: 27789760 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  47. [47]

    Nirula A, Nilsen J, Klekotka P et al.. “Effect of IL-17 receptor A blockade with brodalumab in inflammatory diseases.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2016). PMID: 27856660 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  48. [48]

    Abacar K, Rennie WJ, Raychaudhuri SP et al.. “Focusing on ligamentous soft tissue inflammation for the future understanding of early axial psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 39700474 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  49. [49]

    McGonagle D, Hermann KG, Tan AL. “Differentiation between osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment in the biologic therapy era.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2014). PMID: 25231177 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  50. [50]

    Schett G, Rahman P, Ritchlin C et al.. “Psoriatic arthritis from a mechanistic perspective.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 35513599 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  51. [51]

    Schett G, Lories RJ, D'Agostino MA et al.. “Enthesitis: from pathophysiology to treatment.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2017). PMID: 29158573 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Clinical Presentation
  52. [52]

    Reveille JD, Eder L, Ziade N et al.. “Global epidemiology of spondyloarthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40954333 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  53. [53]

    Taams LS, Steel KJA, Srenathan U et al.. “IL-17 in the immunopathogenesis of spondyloarthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2018). PMID: 30006601 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  54. [54]

    McGonagle D, Tan AL, Watad A et al.. “Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of psoriatic dactylitis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2019). PMID: 30610219 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  55. [55]

    Reveille JD. “Genetics of spondyloarthritis--beyond the MHC.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2012). PMID: 22487796 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  56. [56]

    Brown MA, Kenna T, Wordsworth BP. “Genetics of ankylosing spondylitis--insights into pathogenesis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2015). PMID: 26439405 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  57. [57]

    Beringer A, Miossec P. “Systemic effects of IL-17 in inflammatory arthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2019). PMID: 31227819 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  58. [58]

    Miossec P. “Update on interleukin-17: a role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis and implication for clinical practice.” RMD open (2017). PMID: 28243466 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  59. [59]

    Sousa M, Alvarenga JM, Lé AM et al.. “Ustekinumab-associated morphoea: systematic review of the literature and a real-world case.” Drugs in context (2026). PMID: 41695304 ↗

    L4SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  60. [60]

    Lombo LE, Tejada-Perdomo JH, Ramos-Castaneda JA et al.. “Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Autoimmune Conditions: A Systematic Review.” ACR open rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41392619 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  61. [61]

    Zhao J, Wu J, Zhou H et al.. “Genetic evidence of the causal relationship between genetically predicted nutrients and psoriatic arthritis.” Clinical rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41184533 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  62. [62]

    Yan H, Chen Y, Song Y et al.. “Vunakizumab for IL-17A-Mediated Diseases: A Review in Psoriasis and Spondyloarthritis.” Biologics : targets & therapy (2026). PMID: 42291469 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  63. [63]

    Totolici S, Vrabie AM, Buzea CA et al.. “Cardiovascular Risk in Psoriatic Arthritis: Mechanisms, Risk Assessment, and Long-Term Management Implications.” International journal of molecular sciences (2026). PMID: 42196207 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Mechanism
  64. [64]

    Gossec L, Kerschbaumer A, Ferreira RJO et al.. “EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2023 update.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024). PMID: 38499325 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  65. [65]

    Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S et al.. “EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2016). PMID: 27697765 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, History and Evolution of Treatment
  66. [66]

    Brunner HI, Foeldvari I, Alexeeva E et al.. “Secukinumab in enthesitis-related arthritis and juvenile psoriatic arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, treatment withdrawal, phase 3 trial.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2022). PMID: 35961761 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  67. [67]

    Russell MD, Stovin C, Alveyn E et al.. “JAK inhibitors and the risk of malignancy: a meta-analysis across disease indications.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2023). PMID: 37247942 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  68. [68]

    Zabotti A, Sakellariou G, Tinazzi I et al.. “Novel and reliable DACTylitis glObal Sonographic (DACTOS) score in psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 32430315 ↗

    L4SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  69. [69]

    Zeboulon N, Dougados M, Gossec L. “Prevalence and characteristics of uveitis in the spondyloarthropathies: a systematic literature review.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2007). PMID: 17962239 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  70. [70]

    Bing N, Zhou H, Chen X et al.. “Contribution of a European-Prevalent Variant near CD83 and an East Asian-Prevalent Variant near IL17RB to Herpes Zoster Risk in Tofacitinib Treatment: Results of Genome-Wide Association Study Meta-Analyses.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2021). PMID: 33455090 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  71. [71]

    Ramanan AV, Quartier P, Okamoto N et al.. “Baricitinib in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: an international, phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal, efficacy, and safety trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2023). PMID: 37423231 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  72. [72]

    Deodhar A, Gottlieb AB, Boehncke WH et al.. “Efficacy and safety of guselkumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study.” Lancet (London, England) (2018). PMID: 29893222 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  73. [73]

    McInnes IB, Anderson JK, Magrey M et al.. “Trial of Upadacitinib and Adalimumab for Psoriatic Arthritis.” The New England journal of medicine (2021). PMID: 33789011 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  74. [74]

    Huss V, Bower H, Hellgren K et al.. “Cancer risks with JAKi and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis: a national real-world cohort study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2023). PMID: 36868796 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  75. [75]

    Colaco K, Lee KA, Akhtari S et al.. “Association of Cardiac Biomarkers With Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis and Psoriasis: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2022). PMID: 35261189 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, Prognosis & Natural History
  76. [76]

    Eder L, Haddad A, Rosen CF et al.. “The Incidence and Risk Factors for Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients With Psoriasis: A Prospective Cohort Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2016). PMID: 26555117 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation
  77. [77]

    Hellgren K, Smedby KE, Backlin C et al.. “Ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and risk of malignant lymphoma: a cohort study based on nationwide prospectively recorded data from Sweden.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2014). PMID: 24782185 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  78. [78]

    Chaudhary H, Bohra N, Syed K et al.. “All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Arthritis care & research (2023). PMID: 34788902 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, Prognosis & Natural History
  79. [79]

    Stolwijk C, van Onna M, Boonen A et al.. “Global Prevalence of Spondyloarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis.” Arthritis care & research (2016). PMID: 26713432 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  80. [80]

    Jin Y, Lee H, Lee MP et al.. “Risk of Hospitalization for Serious Infection After Initiation of Ustekinumab or Other Biologics in Patients With Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 33973371 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  81. [81]

    Ishchenko A, Pazmino S, Neerinckx B et al.. “Comorbidities in Early Psoriatic Arthritis: Data From the Metabolic Disturbances in Psoriatic Arthritis Cohort Study.” Arthritis care & research (2024). PMID: 37667975 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  82. [82]

    Rosenthal YS, Schwartz N, Sagy I et al.. “Incidence of Psoriatic Arthritis Among Patients Receiving Biologic Treatments for Psoriasis: A Nested Case-Control Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2021). PMID: 34423909 ↗

    L3CASE_CONTROLCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  83. [83]

    Gossec L, Coates LC, Landewé RBM et al.. “Bimekizumab safety and efficacy in patients with psoriatic arthritis: 3-year results from two phase 3 studies.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 41838419 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  84. [84]

    Singla S, Putman M, Liew J et al.. “Association between biological immunotherapy for psoriasis and time to incident inflammatory arthritis: a retrospective cohort study.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2023). PMID: 38251522 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  85. [85]

    Singh M, Phillips K, Wang J et al.. “Trends in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases during pregnancy in the UK, 2000-21: a retrospective cohort study.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40473454 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  86. [86]

    Russell MD, Galloway JB, Andrews CD et al.. “Incidence and management of inflammatory arthritis in England before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-level cohort study using OpenSAFELY.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 36447940 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  87. [87]

    Zabotti A, Bandinelli F, Batticciotto A et al.. “Musculoskeletal ultrasonography for psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis patients: a systematic literature review.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2017). PMID: 28521047 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  88. [88]

    Hojeij B, Koc GH, Luime JJ et al.. “Psoriatic arthritis flare incidence, definition and risk factors: a systematic review.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 40392198 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  89. [89]

    Lembke S, Macfarlane GJ, Jones GT. “The worldwide prevalence of psoriatic arthritis-a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 38530786 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  90. [90]

    Gazel U, Ayan G, Solmaz D et al.. “The impact of smoking on prevalence of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32500136 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, History and Evolution of Treatment
  91. [91]

    Zuckerman BP, Gibson M, Roy R et al.. “Abatacept and the risk of malignancy: a meta-analysis across disease indications.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 39992258 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  92. [92]

    Hagège B, Tan E, Gayraud M et al.. “Remission and low disease activity in psoriatic arthritis publications: a systematic literature review with meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32118267 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History
  93. [93]

    Pittam B, Gupta S, Harrison NL et al.. “Prevalence of extra-articular manifestations in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32160297 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  94. [94]

    Coates LC, Landewé R, McInnes IB et al.. “Bimekizumab treatment in patients with active psoriatic arthritis and prior inadequate response to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors: 52-week safety and efficacy from the phase III BE COMPLETE study and its open-label extension BE VITAL.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38388171 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  95. [95]

    Deike M, Brinks R, Meller S et al.. “Risk of psoriatic arthritis depending on age: analysis of data from 65 million people on statutory insurance in Germany.” RMD open (2021). PMID: 34862312 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  96. [96]

    Zabotti A, De Marco G, Gossec L et al.. “EULAR points to consider for the definition of clinical and imaging features suspicious for progression from psoriasis to psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2023). PMID: 37295926 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  97. [97]

    Karmacharya P, Crowson CS, Bekele D et al.. “The Epidemiology of Psoriatic Arthritis Over Five Decades: A Population-Based Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2021). PMID: 33779070 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  98. [98]

    Karreman MC, Weel AE, van der Ven M et al.. “Prevalence of Psoriatic Arthritis in Primary Care Patients With Psoriasis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2016). PMID: 26636745 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  99. [99]

    Di Matteo A, Di Donato S, Smerilli G et al.. “Relationship Between Ultrasound and Physical Examination in the Assessment of Enthesitis in Patients With Spondyloarthritis: Results From the DEUS Multicenter Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2024). PMID: 39165013 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  100. [100]

    Robin F, Ghossan R, Mehsen-Cetre N et al.. “METHOFRACT, a methotrexate osteopathy multicentre cohort study.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 40998522 ↗

    L4COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  101. [101]

    Eun Y, Hwang J, Seo GH et al.. “Risk of cancer in Korean patients with psoriatic arthritis: a nationwide population-based cohort study.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 36958767 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  102. [102]

    Ramírez J, López-Medina C, Montilla C et al.. “Diagnosis and therapeutic management of psoriatic arthritis: summary of 2024 update of the Spanish clinical practice guideline (ESPOGUIA).” Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease (2026). PMID: 42027204 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  103. [103]

    Gladman DD, Charles-Schoeman C, McInnes IB et al.. “Changes in Lipid Levels and Incidence of Cardiovascular Events Following Tofacitinib Treatment in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis: A Pooled Analysis Across Phase III and Long-Term Extension Studies.” Arthritis care & research (2019). PMID: 31112005 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Prognosis & Natural History
  104. [104]

    Kwok TSH, Sutton M, Ye JY et al.. “Prevalence and Factors Associated With Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density Testing in Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 33326187 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  105. [105]

    Cretu D, Gao L, Liang K et al.. “Differentiating Psoriatic Arthritis From Psoriasis Without Psoriatic Arthritis Using Novel Serum Biomarkers.” Arthritis care & research (2018). PMID: 28586166 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  106. [106]

    Nash P, Coates LC, Fleishaker D et al.. “Safety and efficacy of tofacitinib up to 48 months in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: final analysis of the OPAL Balance long-term extension study.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2021). PMID: 38279411 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, History and Evolution of Treatment
  107. [107]

    Falasinnu T, Lu D, Baker MC. “Annual trends in pain management modalities in patients with newly diagnosed autoimmune rheumatic diseases in the USA from 2007 to 2021: an administrative claims-based study.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2024). PMID: 38945137 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prognosis & Natural History
  108. [108]

    McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Kivitz AJ et al.. “Long-term efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis: 5-year (end-of-study) results from the phase 3 FUTURE 2 study.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2020). PMID: 38268157 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  109. [109]

    Mulder MLM, Vriezekolk JE, van Hal TW et al.. “Comparing methotrexate monotherapy with methotrexate plus leflunomide combination therapy in psoriatic arthritis (COMPLETE-PsA): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, trial.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 38288921 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  110. [110]

    De Marco G, Maksymowych WP, Østergaard M et al.. “Whole body-MRI identifies widespread, low intensity inflammation in peripheral joints, and axial involvement in a third of patients with early, treatment-naïve, active psoriatic arthritis: Data from the GOLMePsA clinical trial.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 42308540 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  111. [111]

    de Vries AC, Bogaards NA, Hooft L et al.. “Interventions for nail psoriasis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2013). PMID: 23440816 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  112. [112]

    Wang G, Youn SW, Chang CL et al.. “New Tuberculosis Infection and Reactivation of Tuberculosis in Patients with Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis Receiving IL-23 Inhibitors: A Systematic Literature Review.” Dermatology and therapy (2026). PMID: 42262459 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  113. [113]

    Yang L, Gao X, Wang Z et al.. “Biologic therapies and psoriatic arthritis risk in psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV (2026). PMID: 42227826 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  114. [114]

    Scher JU, Ogdie A, Merola JF et al.. “Preventing psoriatic arthritis: focusing on patients with psoriasis at increased risk of transition.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2019). PMID: 30742092 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  115. [115]

    Karacabeyli D, Lacaille D. “Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in arthritis: current insights and future directions.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41034339 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History
  116. [116]

    Ferguson LD, Siebert S, McInnes IB et al.. “Cardiometabolic comorbidities in RA and PsA: lessons learned and future directions.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2019). PMID: 31292564 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  117. [117]

    Ibba L, Di Giulio S, Malagoli P et al.. “Real-World Long-Term Effectiveness and Safety of Secukinumab in Psoriasis: Up to 7 Years of Evidence from the Italian Landscape Psoriasis (IL PSO) Multicenter Retrospective Study.” Dermatology and therapy (2026). PMID: 42262460 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  118. [118]

    Attar RZ, Acikgoz SB, Hepworth E et al.. “Real-world performance of EULAR and GRAPPA definitions of difficult-to-treat psoriatic arthritis within the ORCHESTRA cohort: an observational cohort study.” Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease (2026). PMID: 42137751 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  119. [119]

    Almansouri AY, Li J, Bumbulis L et al.. “Incidence rate and risk factors of arrhythmias in patients with psoriatic arthritis.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 41571321 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  120. [120]

    Zabotti A, Fagni F, Gossec L et al.. “Risk of developing psoriatic arthritis in psoriasis cohorts with arthralgia: exploring the subclinical psoriatic arthritis stage.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38599649 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  121. [121]

    Corte G, Atzinger A, Noversa de Sousa R et al.. “Increased synovial and entheseal fibroblast activation detected by 68Ga-FAPI-PET/CT is associated with the development of psoriatic arthritis in psoriasis patients with arthralgia.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 41871918 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  122. [122]

    Currado D, Trunfio F, Saracino F et al.. “Patients with psoriatic arthritis and comorbid metabolic syndrome show a difficult-to-treat phenotype: another mosaic tile in the definition of a still undefined subset of patients.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 40545272 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  123. [123]

    Nakaphan P, Shotelersuk V, Pajareya P et al.. “Prevalence of interstitial lung disease in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Clinical rheumatology (2026). PMID: 41832319 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  124. [124]

    Ritchlin CT, Kavanaugh A, Gladman DD et al.. “Treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2008). PMID: 18952643 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Clinical Presentation
  125. [125]

    Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ et al.. “Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis 2015 Treatment Recommendations for Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2016). PMID: 26749174 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Clinical Presentation, History and Evolution of Treatment
  126. [126]

    Mease PJ, Lertratanakul A, Anderson JK et al.. “Upadacitinib for psoriatic arthritis refractory to biologics: SELECT-PsA 2.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 33272960 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  127. [127]

    Baraliakos X, Gossec L, Pournara E et al.. “Secukinumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis and axial manifestations: results from the double-blind, randomised, phase 3 MAXIMISE trial.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 33334727 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  128. [128]

    Kristensen LE, Keiserman M, Papp K et al.. “Efficacy and safety of risankizumab for active psoriatic arthritis: 24-week results from the randomised, double-blind, phase 3 KEEPsAKE 1 trial.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2021). PMID: 34911706 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  129. [129]

    Mease P, van der Heijde D, Landewé R et al.. “Secukinumab improves active psoriatic arthritis symptoms and inhibits radiographic progression: primary results from the randomised, double-blind, phase III FUTURE 5 study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2018). PMID: 29550766 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  130. [130]

    Coates LC, Gossec L, Theander E et al.. “Efficacy and safety of guselkumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis who are inadequate responders to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors: results through one year of a phase IIIb, randomised, controlled study (COSMOS).” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2021). PMID: 34819273 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  131. [131]

    Mease PJ, Helliwell PS, Hjuler KF et al.. “Brodalumab in psoriatic arthritis: results from the randomised phase III AMVISION-1 and AMVISION-2 trials.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 33106286 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation
  132. [132]

    McInnes IB, Rahman P, Gottlieb AB et al.. “Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Guselkumab, a Monoclonal Antibody Specific to the p19 Subunit of Interleukin-23, Through Two Years: Results From a Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Conducted in Biologic-Naive Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2022). PMID: 34719872 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  133. [133]

    Mease P, Helliwell P, Silwinska-Stanczyk P et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of the TYK2/JAK1 Inhibitor Brepocitinib for Active Psoriatic Arthritis: A Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Trial.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2023). PMID: 37194394 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  134. [134]

    Mease P, Sieper J, Van den Bosch F et al.. “Randomized controlled trial of adalimumab in patients with nonpsoriatic peripheral spondyloarthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2015). PMID: 25545240 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  135. [135]

    McInnes IB, Rahman P, Gottlieb AB et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of Guselkumab, an Interleukin-23p19-Specific Monoclonal Antibody, Through One Year in Biologic-Naive Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2021). PMID: 33043600 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment
  136. [136]

    Mease PJ, Gladman DD, Ogdie A et al.. “Treatment-to-Target With Apremilast in Psoriatic Arthritis: The Probability of Achieving Targets and Comprehensive Control of Disease Manifestations.” Arthritis care & research (2020). PMID: 31909868 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  137. [137]

    Kavanaugh A, McInnes IB, Krueger GG et al.. “Patient-reported outcomes and the association with clinical response in patients with active psoriatic arthritis treated with golimumab: findings through 2 years of a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.” Arthritis care & research (2013). PMID: 23666608 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation
  138. [138]

    Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ, Reimold AM et al.. “Secukinumab for Long-Term Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis: A Two-Year Followup From a Phase III, Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study.” Arthritis care & research (2017). PMID: 27696786 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation
  139. [139]

    Kerschbaumer A, Smolen JS, Ferreira RJO et al.. “Efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature research informing the 2023 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024). PMID: 38503473 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  140. [140]

    Deodhar A, Helliwell PS, Boehncke WH et al.. “Guselkumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis who were biologic-naive or had previously received TNFα inhibitor treatment (DISCOVER-1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2020). PMID: 32178765 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  141. [141]

    McInnes IB, Mease PJ, Kirkham B et al.. “Secukinumab, a human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriatic arthritis (FUTURE 2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2015). PMID: 26135703 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  142. [142]

    Nash P, Kirkham B, Okada M et al.. “Ixekizumab for the treatment of patients with active psoriatic arthritis and an inadequate response to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors: results from the 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled period of the SPIRIT-P2 phase 3 trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2017). PMID: 28551073 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  143. [143]

    Gottlieb A, Menter A, Mendelsohn A et al.. “Ustekinumab, a human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, for psoriatic arthritis: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2009). PMID: 19217154 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  144. [144]

    Mease PJ, McInnes IB, Kirkham B et al.. “Secukinumab Inhibition of Interleukin-17A in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis.” The New England journal of medicine (2015). PMID: 26422723 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  145. [145]

    McGagh D, Song K, Yuan H et al.. “Digital health technologies to strengthen patient-centred outcome assessment in clinical trials in inflammatory arthritis.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2024). PMID: 39089297 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Clinical Presentation
  146. [146]

    Eder L, Li X, Chandran V et al.. “Association of Higher Levels of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein With Future Development of Psoriatic Arthritis in Psoriasis: A Prospective Cohort Study.” Arthritis care & research (2025). PMID: 40176403 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Clinical Presentation
  147. [147]

    Eder L, Mylvaganam S, Pardo Pardo J et al.. “Sex-related differences in patient characteristics, and efficacy and safety of advanced therapies in randomised clinical trials in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2023). PMID: 38251562 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  148. [148]

    Svedbom A, Mallbris L, Zabotti A et al.. “Predicting psoriatic arthritis in new-onset psoriasis: development of multivariable prediction models from an inception cohort study.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2026). PMID: 42379214 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  149. [149]

    Mease PJ, Landewé R, Rahman P et al.. “Secukinumab provides sustained improvement in signs and symptoms and low radiographic progression in patients with psoriatic arthritis: 2-year (end-of-study) results from the FUTURE 5 study.” RMD open (2021). PMID: 34330846 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  150. [150]

    Ramiro S, Poddubnyy D, Mease PJ et al.. “Sustained resolution of enthesitis and peripheral arthritis over 104 weeks with bimekizumab in axial spondyloarthritis.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 41125403 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  151. [151]

    Coates LC, Blanco R, Behrens F et al.. “Efficacy of risankizumab across GRAPPA domains in psoriatic arthritis: a pooled analysis of patients from the phase 3 KEEPsAKE 1 and 2 studies.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 40854810 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, History and Evolution of Treatment
  152. [152]

    McInnes IB, Sawyer LM, Markus K et al.. “Targeted systemic therapies for psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and comparative synthesis of short-term articular, dermatological, enthesitis and dactylitis outcomes.” RMD open (2022). PMID: 35321874 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation
  153. [153]

    Poddubnyy D, Parikh B, Elewaut D et al.. “Development of Extramusculoskeletal Manifestations in Upadacitinib-Treated Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis or Axial Spondyloarthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2025). PMID: 39624020 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, History and Evolution of Treatment
  154. [154]

    Durham LE, Humby F, Ng N et al.. “Linking Skin and Joint Inflammation in Psoriatic Arthritis through Shared CD8+ T Cell Clones.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2025). PMID: 40528683 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  155. [155]

    Coates LC, Baraliakos X, Blanco FJ et al.. “The Phenotype of Axial Spondyloarthritis: Is It Dependent on HLA-B27 Status?” Arthritis care & research (2021). PMID: 32100954 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  156. [156]

    Walsh JA, Carroll C, Callis Duffin K et al.. “PAPRIKA: A Question Bank for Assessing Psoriatic Arthritis Risk in Individuals of Diverse Ancestries.” Arthritis care & research (2024). PMID: 37691268 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  157. [157]

    Kesarwani V, Sinnappan S, Husni ME et al.. “Screening Tools for Spondyloarthritis in Patients With Psoriasis, Uveitis, and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scoping Review.” Arthritis care & research (2024). PMID: 38303576 ↗

    L2REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation
  158. [158]

    Ibrahim A, Gladman DD, Thavaneswaran A et al.. “Sensitivity and Specificity of Radiographic Scoring Instruments for Detecting Change in Axial Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2017). PMID: 28085226 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  159. [159]

    Song K, Satsangi J, Coates LC. “Arthritis complicating inflammatory bowel disease- the future is now.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2024). PMID: 39032495 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation
  160. [160]

    Mease PJ, Helliwell PS, Gladman DD et al.. “Efficacy of guselkumab on axial involvement in patients with active psoriatic arthritis and sacroiliitis: a post-hoc analysis of the phase 3 DISCOVER-1 and DISCOVER-2 studies.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2021). PMID: 38287608 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  161. [161]

    Ghoreschi K, Balato A, Enerbäck C et al.. “Therapeutics targeting the IL-23 and IL-17 pathway in psoriasis.” Lancet (London, England) (2021). PMID: 33515492 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  162. [162]

    Østergaard M, Lambert RGW, Maksymowych WP et al.. “Effect of apremilast on whole-body magnetic resonance imaging of peripheral and axial inflammation in patients with psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2026). PMID: 42191498 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  163. [163]

    D'Agostino MA, Conaghan PG, Gaillez C et al.. “Exploring clusters based on ultrasound-detected inflammation in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a post-hoc analysis from the ULTIMATE trial.” BMC musculoskeletal disorders (2026). PMID: 41612350 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, History and Evolution of Treatment
  164. [164]

    Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Guelimi R et al.. “Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2023). PMID: 37436070 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  165. [165]

    Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Garcia-Doval I et al.. “Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2022). PMID: 35603936 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  166. [166]

    Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Garcia-Doval I et al.. “Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2021). PMID: 33871055 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  167. [167]

    Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Guelimi R et al.. “Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025). PMID: 40767824 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  168. [168]

    Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Afach S et al.. “Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2020). PMID: 31917873 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, Prognosis & Natural History
  169. [169]

    Sbidian E, Chaimani A, Garcia-Doval I et al.. “Systemic pharmacological treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis: a network meta-analysis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2017). PMID: 29271481 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  170. [170]

    Khoda F, Khan Y, Haw WWY et al.. “Prognostic prediction models for psoriatic arthritis in psoriasis: A systematic review.” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV (2026). PMID: 42312903 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation
  171. [171]

    Webers C, Ortolan A, Nikiphorou E et al.. “Peripheral manifestations in spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review on their assessment and the effect of biological/targeted synthetic DMARDs.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 41666292 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation
  172. [172]

    Mease P. “Enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis (Part 3): clinical assessment and management.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32159795 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  173. [173]

    Zhao SS, Goodson NJ, Robertson S et al.. “Smoking in spondyloarthritis: unravelling the complexities.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32236486 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  174. [174]

    Helliwell PS. “Axial involvement in psoriatic arthritis: is it unique?” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 39700473 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  175. [175]

    Lopalco G, Celletti E, Morrone M et al.. “Targeting axial and peripheral psoriatic arthritis: a retrospective observational study on the clinical relevance of upadacitinib.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 40758456 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  176. [176]

    Low JM, Hyrich KL, Ciurtin C et al.. “The impact of psoriasis on wellbeing and clinical outcomes in juvenile psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 37467079 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  177. [177]

    Balderas-Miranda JT, Torres-Ruiz J, Guaracha-Basañez GA et al.. “Myeloid-derived suppressor cells and monocytes are biomarkers of the clinical phenotype and activity of psoriatic disease.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 40891880 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  178. [178]

    Zabotti A, Aydin SZ, David P et al.. “Delineating inflammatory from non-inflammatory mechanisms for therapy optimization in psoriatic arthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40075177 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation
  179. [179]

    Tarannum S, Leung YY, Johnson SR et al.. “Sex- and gender-related differences in psoriatic arthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 35927578 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  180. [180]

    Olivieri I, D'Angelo S, Palazzi C et al.. “Advances in the management of psoriatic arthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2014). PMID: 25003762 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History
  181. [181]

    Gravallese EM, Schett G. “Effects of the IL-23-IL-17 pathway on bone in spondyloarthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2018). PMID: 30266977 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation
  182. [182]

    Najm A, Goodyear CS, McInnes IB et al.. “Phenotypic heterogeneity in psoriatic arthritis: towards tissue pathology-based therapy.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2023). PMID: 36596924 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  183. [183]

    Anandarajah AP, Ritchlin CT. “The diagnosis and treatment of early psoriatic arthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2009). PMID: 19806150 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  184. [184]

    Parisi S, Becciolini A, D'Onofrio B et al.. “Drug retention of TNF versus IL-23 inhibitors in psoriatic arthritis: a multicenter real-life cohort study.” Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease (2026). PMID: 42112225 ↗

    L4COHORTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  185. [185]

    Singla S, Ribeiro A, Torgutalp M et al.. “Difficult-to-treat psoriatic arthritis (D2T PsA): a scoping literature review informing a GRAPPA research project.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38191215 ↗

    L2REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  186. [186]

    Veale DJ, Fearon U. “What makes psoriatic and rheumatoid arthritis so different?” RMD open (2015). PMID: 26509055 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation
  187. [187]

    Zabotti A, Cabas N, Di Nicola C et al.. “Using ultrasound to define inflammatory and non-inflammatory phenotypes in difficult-to-treat psoriatic arthritis.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 40813109 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  188. [188]

    Ehrenberg S, Elizur Y, Ben-Shabat N et al.. “Increased Risk of Incident Uveitis Among Patients with Psoriasis: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.” Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) (2026). PMID: 41750775 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Clinical Presentation
  189. [189]

    Singh JA, Guyatt G, Ogdie A et al.. “Special Article: 2018 American College of Rheumatology/National Psoriasis Foundation Guideline for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2018). PMID: 30499259 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  190. [190]

    Glatt S, Baeten D, Baker T et al.. “Dual IL-17A and IL-17F neutralisation by bimekizumab in psoriatic arthritis: evidence from preclinical experiments and a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial that IL-17F contributes to human chronic tissue inflammation.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2017). PMID: 29275332 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  191. [191]

    Östör A, Van den Bosch F, Papp K et al.. “Efficacy and safety of risankizumab for active psoriatic arthritis: 24-week results from the randomised, double-blind, phase 3 KEEPsAKE 2 trial.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2021). PMID: 34815219 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  192. [192]

    Mease PJ, Deodhar AA, van der Heijde D et al.. “Efficacy and safety of selective TYK2 inhibitor, deucravacitinib, in a phase II trial in psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2022). PMID: 35241426 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment
  193. [193]

    Mease PJ, van der Heijde D, Ritchlin CT et al.. “Ixekizumab, an interleukin-17A specific monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of biologic-naive patients with active psoriatic arthritis: results from the 24-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active (adalimumab)-controlled period of the phase III trial SPIRIT-P1.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2016). PMID: 27553214 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  194. [194]

    Mease PJ, Smolen JS, Behrens F et al.. “A head-to-head comparison of the efficacy and safety of ixekizumab and adalimumab in biological-naïve patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 24-week results of a randomised, open-label, blinded-assessor trial.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2019). PMID: 31563894 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  195. [195]

    FitzGerald O, Gladman DD, Mease PJ et al.. “Phase 2 Trial of Deucravacitinib in Psoriatic Arthritis: Biomarkers Associated With Disease Activity, Pharmacodynamics, and Clinical Responses.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2024). PMID: 38770592 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  196. [196]

    Jin Y, Cheng IT, So H et al.. “Effects of Secukinumab on Enthesiophyte and Erosion Progression in Psoriatic Arthritis: A One-Year Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial Using High-Resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2025). PMID: 40083242 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  197. [197]

    Kivitz A, Sedova L, Churchill M et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Secukinumab for the Treatment of Active Psoriatic Arthritis: Results From a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Phase 3 Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2024). PMID: 39300596 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  198. [198]

    Husni ME, Kavanaugh A, Murphy F et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Golimumab Through One Year in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2020). PMID: 30980514 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  199. [199]

    De Marco G, Hensor EMA, Helliwell PS et al.. “Effect of a treatment strategy utilising golimumab, methotrexate and corticosteroids versus methotrexate and corticosteroids in early, untreated psoriatic arthritis (GOLMePsA): a single-centre, double-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40914172 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  200. [200]

    Krishnan V, Keller SY, Chew C et al.. “Serum biomarkers associated with baricitinib response in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a post-hoc analysis of the phase 3 JUVE-BASIS trial.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40915298 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  201. [201]

    Ramanan AV, Ruperto N, Foeldvari I et al.. “Ixekizumab in children with active psoriatic and enthesitis-related juvenile idiopathic arthritis (COSPIRIT-JIA): a multicentre, open-label, 16-week, Bayesian trial including a randomised reference group to adalimumab.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2026). PMID: 41785908 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  202. [202]

    Koc GH, Kok MR, Kasiem FR et al.. “Intensive biological DMARD-first strategy versus standard step-up care in psoriatic arthritis (STAMP): 1-year results from a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial comparing two treat-to-target strategies.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41275881 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  203. [203]

    Mease PJ, Rahman P, Gottlieb AB et al.. “Guselkumab in biologic-naive patients with active psoriatic arthritis (DISCOVER-2): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2020). PMID: 32178766 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  204. [204]

    McInnes IB, Asahina A, Coates LC et al.. “Bimekizumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis, naive to biologic treatment: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (BE OPTIMAL).” Lancet (London, England) (2022). PMID: 36493791 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  205. [205]

    Ruperto N, Brunner HI, Synoverska O et al.. “Tofacitinib in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal phase 3 randomised trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2021). PMID: 34767764 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  206. [206]

    McInnes IB, Behrens F, Mease PJ et al.. “Secukinumab versus adalimumab for treatment of active psoriatic arthritis (EXCEED): a double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, active-controlled, phase 3b trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2020). PMID: 32386593 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  207. [207]

    Merola JF, Landewé R, McInnes IB et al.. “Bimekizumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis and previous inadequate response or intolerance to tumour necrosis factor-α inhibitors: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (BE COMPLETE).” Lancet (London, England) (2022). PMID: 36495881 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  208. [208]

    McInnes IB, Kavanaugh A, Gottlieb AB et al.. “Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 1 year results of the phase 3, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT 1 trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2013). PMID: 23769296 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  209. [209]

    Coates LC, Moverley AR, McParland L et al.. “Effect of tight control of inflammation in early psoriatic arthritis (TICOPA): a UK multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2015). PMID: 26433318 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  210. [210]

    Jørgensen KK, Olsen IC, Goll GL et al.. “Switching from originator infliximab to biosimilar CT-P13 compared with maintained treatment with originator infliximab (NOR-SWITCH): a 52-week, randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2017). PMID: 28502609 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  211. [211]

    Gladman D, Rigby W, Azevedo VF et al.. “Tofacitinib for Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients with an Inadequate Response to TNF Inhibitors.” The New England journal of medicine (2017). PMID: 29045207 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  212. [212]

    Mease P, Hall S, FitzGerald O et al.. “Tofacitinib or Adalimumab versus Placebo for Psoriatic Arthritis.” The New England journal of medicine (2017). PMID: 29045212 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  213. [213]

    Palominos PE, Gaujoux-Viala C, Fautrel B et al.. “Clinical outcomes in psoriatic arthritis: A systematic literature review.” Arthritis care & research (2012). PMID: 22147535 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History
  214. [214]

    Ballegaard C, Jørgensen TS, Skougaard M et al.. “Trial Characteristics as Contextual Factors When Evaluating Targeted Therapies in Patients With Psoriatic Disease: A Meta-Epidemiologic Study.” Arthritis care & research (2018). PMID: 29073353 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, History and Evolution of Treatment
  215. [215]

    Østergaard M, Boesen M, Maksymowych WP et al.. “Effect of apremilast on hand and whole-body MRI assessments of inflammation in patients with psoriatic arthritis (MOSAIC): a phase 4, multicentre, single-arm, open-label study.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2024). PMID: 39488216 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  216. [216]

    Kragsnaes MS, Jensen JRB, Nilsson AC et al.. “Dynamics of inflammation-associated plasma proteins following faecal microbiota transplantation in patients with psoriatic arthritis and healthy controls: exploratory findings from the FLORA trial.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38296309 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  217. [217]

    McInnes IB, Sewerin P, Sharaf M et al.. “Sustained response to guselkumab regardless of baseline characteristics in patients with active psoriatic arthritis and inadequate response to TNF inhibitors: results from the phase 3b COSMOS clinical trial.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 39672591 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  218. [218]

    Yang F, Lu C, Pan Q et al.. “68Ga-FAPI and 18F-NaF PET/CT in psoriatic arthritis: a comparative study.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 39576694 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  219. [219]

    Pitzalis C, Choy EHS, Buch MH. “Transforming clinical trials in rheumatology: towards patient-centric precision medicine.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2020). PMID: 32887976 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Prognosis & Natural History
  220. [220]

    Mease PJ, Gladman DD, Merola JF et al.. “Comparative efficacy and safety of bimekizumab in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 38218744 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  221. [221]

    Mease PJ, McInnes IB, Tam LS et al.. “Comparative effectiveness of guselkumab in psoriatic arthritis: updates to a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2023). PMID: 36102818 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  222. [222]

    Iragorri N, Hazlewood G, Manns B et al.. “Psoriatic arthritis screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2019). PMID: 30380111 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  223. [223]

    Bibas N, Pignon C, Lopez-Medina C et al.. “Ultrasonography for the assessment of enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis: systematic review with meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 39705203 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  224. [224]

    Ruyssen-Witrand A, Perry R, Watkins C et al.. “Efficacy and safety of biologics in psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.” RMD open (2020). PMID: 32094304 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Prognosis & Natural History
  225. [225]

    Steel KJA, Srenathan U, Ridley M et al.. “Polyfunctional, Proinflammatory, Tissue-Resident Memory Phenotype and Function of Synovial Interleukin-17A+CD8+ T Cells in Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2020). PMID: 31677365 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  226. [226]

    Yuan Y, Qiu J, Lin ZT et al.. “Identification of Novel Autoantibodies Associated With Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2019). PMID: 30618213 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  227. [227]

    Lönnblom E, Leu Agelii M, Sareila O et al.. “Autoantibodies to Disease-Related Proteins in Joints as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2023). PMID: 36718635 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  228. [228]

    Graßhoff H, Comdühr S, Nording H et al.. “Transition From Psoriasis to Psoriatic Arthritis is Characterized by Distinct Alterations in Peripheral Blood Tc17, Th17, and CD4+ Effector Memory Cells.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2025). PMID: 40955716 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  229. [229]

    Cruz-Correa OF, Pollock RA, Machhar R et al.. “Prediction of Psoriatic Arthritis in Patients With Psoriasis Using DNA Methylation Profiles.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2023). PMID: 37463128 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  230. [230]

    Mc Ardle A, Kwasnik A, Szentpetery A et al.. “Identification and Evaluation of Serum Protein Biomarkers That Differentiate Psoriatic Arthritis From Rheumatoid Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2021). PMID: 34114357 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  231. [231]

    Arvikar SL, Crowley JT, Sulka KB et al.. “Autoimmune Arthritides, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, or Peripheral Spondyloarthritis Following Lyme Disease.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2017). PMID: 27636905 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  232. [232]

    Ghosh N, Reid P, Sparks JA et al.. “Use of Apremilast for the Treatment of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2025). PMID: 40865544 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Prognosis & Natural History
  233. [233]

    Paccou J, Bavière W, Sornay-Rendu E et al.. “Body Composition in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis and Changes During Interleukin-12/Interleukin-23 Inhibition.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 33973385 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  234. [234]

    Jackson CH, Su L, Gladman DD et al.. “On Modelling Minimal Disease Activity.” Arthritis care & research (2016). PMID: 26315478 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History
  235. [235]

    McGagh D, Elliott A, Grohmann T et al.. “The path to interception in psoriatic disease: from conceptual clarity to clinical translation.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2026). PMID: 41587560 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  236. [236]

    Ciccia F, Gandolfo S, Caporali R et al.. “Understanding the spectrum from preclinical psoriatic arthritis to early diagnosis of the disease.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2024). PMID: 39579780 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  237. [237]

    Vassilakis KD, Lampadaki K, Nikiphorou E et al.. “Skin cancer in inflammatory arthritis: should we advise screening?” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41344357 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  238. [238]

    Peeters ACD, Michielsens CAJ, Mahler EAM et al.. “Effectiveness of treat-to-target tapering of TNF inhibitors for psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis in the Netherlands: 24-month follow-up of the DRESS-PS trial.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40716447 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  239. [239]

    Ursini F, Ciaffi J, D'Angelo S et al.. “When one joint matters: the monoarticular blind spot in inflammatory arthritis.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2026). PMID: 42114539 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Prognosis & Natural History
  240. [240]

    Strand V, Kaeley GS, Bergman MJ et al.. “The effect of secukinumab on patient-reported outcomes in patients with active psoriatic arthritis in a randomised phase 3 trial.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 38288937 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  241. [241]

    Chasnyk V, Constantin T, Nikishina I et al.. “Predictors of inactive disease and remission in children and young adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with etanercept.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 42011511 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  242. [242]

    Tomo ATJ, Ratan P, Gonçalves LS et al.. “Cycling versus swapping strategies for treatment of psoriatic arthritis after primary tumour necrosis factor inhibitors failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 42216248 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Prognosis & Natural History
  243. [243]

    Ogdie A, Coates LC, Gladman DD. “Treatment guidelines in psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32159790 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  244. [244]

    Kaeley GS. “Enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis (Part 2): imaging.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32159789 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  245. [245]

    Degboé Y, Sunzini F, Sood S et al.. “Apremilast inhibits inflammatory osteoclastogenesis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33788924 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  246. [246]

    McGonagle D, David P, Macleod T et al.. “Predominant ligament-centric soft-tissue involvement differentiates axial psoriatic arthritis from ankylosing spondylitis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2023). PMID: 37919337 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  247. [247]

    Shenoi S, Horneff G, Aggarwal A et al.. “Treatment of non-systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2024). PMID: 38321298 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  248. [248]

    van Tubergen A, Weber U. “Diagnosis and classification in spondyloarthritis: identifying a chameleon.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2012). PMID: 22450552 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  249. [249]

    Nefla M, Holzinger D, Berenbaum F et al.. “The danger from within: alarmins in arthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2016). PMID: 27733758 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  250. [250]

    Feld J, Chandran V, Haroon N et al.. “Axial disease in psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: a critical comparison.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2018). PMID: 29752461 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Prognosis & Natural History
  251. [251]

    Proft F, Ribeiro AL, Singla S et al.. “Consensus definitions of complex-to-manage and treatment-refractory psoriatic arthritis: a GRAPPA initiative.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41310208 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  252. [252]

    Jadon DR, Stober C, Pennington SR et al.. “Applying precision medicine to unmet clinical needs in psoriatic disease.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2020). PMID: 33024296 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  253. [253]

    Haddad A, Kharouf F, Lee KA et al.. “Repair of radiographic joint damage in psoriatic arthritis: a cohort study.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 42157419 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Prognosis & Natural History
  254. [254]

    Watad A, Elizur Y, Hen O et al.. “Impact of biologic class and treatment line on psoriatic arthritis risk in psoriasis: a population-based cohort study.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 42097693 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  255. [255]

    Zhang L, Xu Z, Gong J et al.. “Real-world skin and dermatology-specific quality-of-life outcomes and a nomogram to predict skin response to secukinumab in Chinese psoriatic arthritis patients: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.” Frontiers in medicine (2026). PMID: 42078428 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  256. [256]

    Snoeck Henkemans SVJ, de Jong PHP, Luime JJ et al.. “Window of opportunity in psoriatic arthritis: the earlier the better?” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38413172 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Prognosis & Natural History
  257. [257]

    Kristensen LE, Ng KJ, Ngantcha M et al.. “Comparative early effectiveness across 14 PsA drugs and 5 classes of PsA treatment: 3-month results from the PRO-SPIRIT study.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 39306343 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  258. [258]

    Akbaba TH, Donmez-Demir B, Colpak AI et al.. “Serum immunoreactivity to neurofilament-medium shows high sensitivity and specificity in patients with Behçet disease.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 40447321 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  259. [259]

    Yıldırım N, Limon M. “Lower CALLY index values are associated with higher disease activity in psoriatic arthritis: a retrospective cohort study.” Rheumatology international (2026). PMID: 42377589 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  260. [260]

    Tang H, Dokoupilova E, Batko B et al.. “Comparing the efficacy and safety of biosimilar BAT2506 with reference golimumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 24-week results of a phase 3, multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study.” Expert opinion on biological therapy (2026). PMID: 42021476 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  261. [261]

    Sewerin P, Bismpos D, Lange PS et al.. “Arrhythmic risk stratification in psoriatic arthritis: a retrospective, electrogram-based comparative analysis.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 42342287 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  262. [262]

    Koc GH, Kok MR, Snoeck Henkemans SVJ et al.. “Frequency of complex-to-manage, difficult-to-manage and treatment-refractory psoriatic arthritis: applying the 2025 GRAPPA and EULAR definitions in a real-world longitudinal PsA cohort.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 42336609 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  263. [263]

    Elsaghir A, Kuske L, Kniesch K et al.. “IgA anti-CD74 autoantibodies are associated with treatment escalation in peripheral psoriatic arthritis.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 42282961 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  264. [264]

    D'Ignazio E, Sahin D, Baldi C et al.. “The Role of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Psoriatic Arthritis: From Preclinical Detection to Treatment Monitoring.” Current rheumatology reports (2026). PMID: 42277548 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Workup: Serology, Imaging & Classification Criteria
  265. [265]

    Singh JA, Guyatt G, Ogdie A et al.. “Special Article: 2018 American College of Rheumatology/National Psoriasis Foundation Guideline for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2018). PMID: 30499246 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  266. [266]

    Ritchlin CT, Coates LC, McInnes IB et al.. “Bimekizumab treatment in biologic DMARD-naïve patients with active psoriatic arthritis: 52-week efficacy and safety results from the phase III, randomised, placebo-controlled, active reference BE OPTIMAL study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2023). PMID: 37696588 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  267. [267]

    Kivitz A, Baraliakos X, Muensterman ET et al.. “Highly selective tyrosine kinase 2 inhibition with zasocitinib (TAK-279) improves outcomes in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: a randomised phase 2b study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2025). PMID: 40615297 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  268. [268]

    Kerschbaumer A, Steiner M, Khalili S et al.. “Global Recruiting Patterns and Placebo Response Rates in Clinical Trials of Psoriatic Arthritis and Plaque Psoriasis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2025). PMID: 40583519 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  269. [269]

    Koehm M, Rossmanith T, Foldenauer AC et al.. “Methotrexate plus ustekinumab versus ustekinumab monotherapy in patients with active psoriatic arthritis (MUST): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3b, non-inferiority trial.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2023). PMID: 38251504 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  270. [270]

    Skaria TG, Sreeprakash A, Umesh R et al.. “Withholding methotrexate after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov19 in patients with rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis in India (MIVAC I and II): results of two, parallel, assessor-masked, randomised controlled trials.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 36320825 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  271. [271]

    van Vollenhoven RF, Hahn BH, Tsokos GC et al.. “Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, an IL-12 and IL-23 inhibitor, in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus: results of a multicentre, double-blind, phase 2, randomised, controlled study.” Lancet (London, England) (2018). PMID: 30249507 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  272. [272]

    Day J, Antony A, Tillett W et al.. “The state of the art-psoriatic arthritis outcome assessment in clinical trials and daily practice.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 38288938 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  273. [273]

    Sarabia S, Farrer C, Yeung J et al.. “Comparative Efficacy of Different Triage Methods for Psoriatic Arthritis: Results From a Prospective Study in a Rapid Access Clinic.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 33544974 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  274. [274]

    Coates LC, Gossec L, Zimmermann M et al.. “Guselkumab provides durable improvement across psoriatic arthritis disease domains: post hoc analysis of a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38531621 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  275. [275]

    López-Medina C, Capelusnik D, Webers C et al.. “Measurement properties of disease activity instruments in peripheral spondyloarthritis: a post-hoc analysis of the CRESPA trial.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 40664470 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, History and Evolution of Treatment
  276. [276]

    McGagh D, Coates LC. “Assessment of the many faces of PsA: single and composite measures in PsA clinical trials.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32159792 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  277. [277]

    Gwinnutt JM, Wieczorek M, Rodríguez-Carrio J et al.. “Effects of diet on the outcomes of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs): systematic review and meta-analyses informing the 2021 EULAR recommendations for lifestyle improvements in people with RMDs.” RMD open (2022). PMID: 35654458 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  278. [278]

    Vandendorpe AS, de Vlam K, Lories R. “Evolution of psoriatic arthritis study patient population characteristics in the era of biological treatments.” RMD open (2019). PMID: 30740243 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  279. [279]

    Merola JF, Mease P, Kivitz A et al.. “Ixekizumab With Tirzepatide Achieved Greater Disease Control Than Ixekizumab Alone in Adults With Psoriatic Arthritis and Overweight or Obesity: Results From a Randomized Clinical Trial.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2026). PMID: 41903163 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  280. [280]

    Beck F, Nguyen P, Hoffmann A et al.. “CD4+CD8αlow T Cell Clonal Expansion Dependent on Costimulation in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2024). PMID: 39054665 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  281. [281]

    Gorodensky JH, Bernatsky S, Afif W et al.. “Ustekinumab Safety in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 34748293 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  282. [282]

    Ursin K, Lydersen S, Skomsvoll JF et al.. “Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity During and After Pregnancy: A Prospective Multicenter Study.” Arthritis care & research (2019). PMID: 30192071 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  283. [283]

    Dougados M, Baeten D. “Spondyloarthritis.” Lancet (London, England) (2011). PMID: 21684383 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  284. [284]

    Van den Bosch F, Coates L. “Clinical management of psoriatic arthritis.” Lancet (London, England) (2018). PMID: 29893227 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  285. [285]

    Li YJ, Msaouel P, Campbell M et al.. “Successful management of pre-existing psoriatic arthritis through targeting the IL-23/IL-17 axis in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a case series.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 39214611 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Prognosis & Natural History
  286. [286]

    Wilsdon TD, Whittle SL, Thynne TR et al.. “Methotrexate for psoriatic arthritis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2019). PMID: 30656673 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  287. [287]

    Cagnotto G, Bruschettini M, Stróżyk A et al.. “Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for psoriatic arthritis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025). PMID: 39945386 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  288. [288]

    Ponkilainen V, Karjalainen TV, Kuitunen I et al.. “Perioperative use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) in people with inflammatory arthritis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2026). PMID: 42159164 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  289. [289]

    Roelsgaard IK, Esbensen BA, Østergaard M et al.. “Smoking cessation intervention for reducing disease activity in chronic autoimmune inflammatory joint diseases.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2019). PMID: 31476270 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  290. [290]

    Radner H, Ramiro S, Buchbinder R et al.. “Pain management for inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and other spondylarthritis) and gastrointestinal or liver comorbidity.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2012). PMID: 22258995 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment
  291. [291]

    Capelusnik D, López-Medina C, Weber C et al.. “Measurement properties of instruments assessing peripheral arthritis disease activity in spondyloarthritis: a systematic literature review.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 42373103 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  292. [292]

    Annfeldt TK, Händel MN, Haugegaard T et al.. “Composite outcome measures that successfully differentiate active treatments from placebo in psoriatic arthritis trials: a GRAPPA-OMERACT systematic review and network meta-analysis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2026). PMID: 42248769 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  293. [293]

    Braun J. “New targets in psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2016). PMID: 27856658 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  294. [294]

    Haberman RH, Ogdie A, Merola JF et al.. “The obesity-inflammation axis in psoriatic disease: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41286370 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History
  295. [295]

    Cutolo M, Smith V. “Detection of microvascular changes in systemic sclerosis and other rheumatic diseases.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2021). PMID: 34561652 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification
  296. [296]

    . “[Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis arthropathica (psoriatic arthritis) in China (2026 edition)].” Zhonghua yi xue za zhi (2026). PMID: 42373464 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Severity, Disease Activity & Risk Stratification, History and Evolution of Treatment
  297. [297]

    Gossec L, Baraliakos X, Kerschbaumer A et al.. “EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2019 update.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 32434812 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  298. [298]

    Goodman SM, Springer B, Guyatt G et al.. “2017 American College of Rheumatology/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antirheumatic Medication in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2017). PMID: 28620948 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  299. [299]

    Nanus DE, Filer AD, Hughes B et al.. “TNFα regulates cortisol metabolism in vivo in patients with inflammatory arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2014). PMID: 24385202 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  300. [300]

    Van den Bosch F, Manger B, Goupille P et al.. “Effectiveness of adalimumab in treating patients with active psoriatic arthritis and predictors of good clinical responses for arthritis, skin and nail lesions.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2009). PMID: 19815494 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  301. [301]

    Ramiro S, Smolen JS, Landewé R et al.. “Pharmacological treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review for the 2015 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2015). PMID: 26660203 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  302. [302]

    Elewaut D, Braun J, Anderson JK et al.. “Low Incidence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Adverse Events in Adalimumab Clinical Trials Across Nine Different Diseases.” Arthritis care & research (2021). PMID: 32100944 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  303. [303]

    Goodman SM, Springer B, Guyatt G et al.. “2017 American College of Rheumatology/American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antirheumatic Medication in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty.” Arthritis care & research (2017). PMID: 28620917 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  304. [304]

    Mørk S, Voss A, Möller S et al.. “Spondyloarthritis and Outcomes in Pregnancy and Labor: A Nationwide Register-Based Cohort Study.” Arthritis care & research (2021). PMID: 31758739 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  305. [305]

    Vincken NLA, Balak DMW, Knulst AC et al.. “Systemic glucocorticoid use and the occurrence of flares in psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a systematic review.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 35285486 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  306. [306]

    Uhrenholt L, Christensen R, Dinesen WKH et al.. “Risk of flare after tapering or withdrawal of biologic/targeted synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 34864896 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  307. [307]

    Edwards CJ, Fautrel B, Schulze-Koops H et al.. “Dosing down with biologic therapies: a systematic review and clinicians' perspective.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2017). PMID: 28339632 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  308. [308]

    Dubreuil M, Rho YH, Man A et al.. “Diabetes incidence in psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a UK population-based cohort study.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2013). PMID: 24185762 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  309. [309]

    Cordtz R, Lindhardsen J, Soussi BG et al.. “Incidence and severeness of COVID-19 hospitalization in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disease: a nationwide cohort study from Denmark.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33369663 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  310. [310]

    Fauny M, Moulin D, D'Amico F et al.. “Paradoxical gastrointestinal effects of interleukin-17 blockers.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 32719044 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  311. [311]

    Solomon DH, Love TJ, Canning C et al.. “Risk of diabetes among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2010). PMID: 20584807 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  312. [312]

    Snoeck Henkemans SVJ, Vis M, Koc GH et al.. “Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-free remission in psoriatic arthritis: is it attainable and sustainable? A large longitudinal study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2025). PMID: 40382308 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  313. [313]

    Machado PM, Schäfer M, Mahil SK et al.. “Characteristics associated with poor COVID-19 outcomes in people with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis: data from the COVID-19 PsoProtect and Global Rheumatology Alliance physician-reported registries.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2023). PMID: 36787993 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  314. [314]

    Abacar K, De Marco G, Weddell J et al.. “Late-Onset Spondyloarthritis Presenting as Glucocorticoid-Resistant Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A Hitherto Underappreciated Entity in Which Tumor Necrosis Factor or Interleukin -17 Blockade May Have a Therapeutic Role.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2025). PMID: 40693392 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  315. [315]

    Remaeus K, Johansson K, Granath F et al.. “Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Psoriatic Arthritis in Relation to Presence and Timing of Antirheumatic Treatment.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2022). PMID: 34668647 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  316. [316]

    Vela J, Cordtz RL, Kristensen S et al.. “Is pain associated with premature mortality in patients with psoriatic arthritis? A nested case-control study using the DANBIO Register.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33668054 ↗

    L3CASE_CONTROLCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  317. [317]

    Ye C, Nikolic RPA, Choi M et al.. “Canadian Rheumatology Association/Canadian Research Group of Rheumatology in Immuno-Oncology Living Guidelines for Baseline Immunosuppression in Individuals With Preexisting Rheumatic Diseases Initiating Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Part 1: Preexisting Inflammatory Arthritides.” The Journal of rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40953945 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  318. [318]

    Feldman SR, Zhao Y, Shi L et al.. “Economic and comorbidity burden among moderate-to-severe psoriasis patients with comorbid psoriatic arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2015). PMID: 25303478 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  319. [319]

    Eder L, Tu K, Rosen CF et al.. “Health Care Utilization for Musculoskeletal Issues During the Prediagnosis Period in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Population-Based Study.” Arthritis care & research (2021). PMID: 31961491 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  320. [320]

    Dharia T, Venkatachalam S, Baker JF et al.. “Medication Interruptions and Subsequent Disease Flares During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Online Study of Patients With Rheumatic Disease.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 34890121 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  321. [321]

    Coates LC, Cook R, Lee KA et al.. “Frequency, predictors, and prognosis of sustained minimal disease activity in an observational psoriatic arthritis cohort.” Arthritis care & research (2010). PMID: 20191569 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  322. [322]

    Smith CJF, Bandoli G, Kavanaugh A et al.. “Birth Outcomes and Disease Activity During Pregnancy in a Prospective Cohort of Women With Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis.” Arthritis care & research (2020). PMID: 31074583 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  323. [323]

    Weiss PF, Ruperto N, Quebe-Fehling E et al.. “Juvenile Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Index Validation in Enthesitis-Related Arthritis and Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis in a Prospective Clinical Trial Setting.” The Journal of rheumatology (2026). PMID: 40953957 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  324. [324]

    Consolaro A, Ruperto N, Lovell DJ et al.. “Clinically Inactive Disease and Remission in Patients With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Receiving Tofacitinib: Post Hoc Analysis of a Phase III Trial.” The Journal of rheumatology (2025). PMID: 40312101 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  325. [325]

    Fisher BA, Rowe A, Hodson C et al.. “Pragmatic, open-label, multicentre, randomised controlled trial to guide initial therapy for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis comparing standard of care (prednisolone) to adalimumab without glucocorticoids: REACT trial protocol.” BMJ open (2026). PMID: 41775469 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Prognosis & Natural History
  326. [326]

    Arriens C, Morand EF, Askanase AD et al.. “Design of Two Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trials of Deucravacitinib, an Oral, Selective, Allosteric TYK2 Inhibitor, in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.” Advances in therapy (2025). PMID: 40920289 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  327. [327]

    Yamada K, Matsui T, Takahashi T et al.. “Flare incidences of pre-existing rheumatologic diseases in patients with solid tumors receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2026). PMID: 41643573 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, History and Evolution of Treatment
  328. [328]

    Wang W, Wang R, Li C. “Hematopoietic stem cell translation for relapse of psoriasis. Systematic review.” Archives of dermatological research (2025). PMID: 40278948 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  329. [329]

    Cooksey R, Underwood J, Brophy S et al.. “Shielding reduced incidence of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory arthritis but vulnerability is associated with increased mortality.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 35567479 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  330. [330]

    Piga M, Floris A, Congia M et al.. “Telemedicine in rheumatology: high specificity and sensitivity of follow-up virtual video consultations during COVID-19 pandemic.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 34352098 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  331. [331]

    Zhang H, Wen J, Alexander GC et al.. “Comparative effectiveness of biologics and targeted therapies for psoriatic arthritis.” RMD open (2021). PMID: 33863840 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  332. [332]

    Götestam Skorpen C, Lydersen S, Salvesen KÅ et al.. “Caesarean section in women with axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a population-based study.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 36863750 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  333. [333]

    de Groot P, Wagenaar W, Foolen J et al.. “Digital biomarkers for psoriatic arthritis: a qualitative focus group study on patient-perceived opportunities and barriers.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 39438085 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  334. [334]

    Álvaro-Gracia JM, Sanchez-Piedra C, Culqui D et al.. “Effects of COVID-19 vaccination on disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis on targeted therapy in the COVIDSER study.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 36927849 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  335. [335]

    Lucasson F, Kiltz U, Kalyoncu U et al.. “Disparities in healthcare in psoriatic arthritis: an analysis of 439 patients from 13 countries.” RMD open (2022). PMID: 35523519 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  336. [336]

    Chronis NJ, Pereira D, Gao S et al.. “Assessing flares in patients with psoriatic arthritis using questionnaires.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 42259575 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  337. [337]

    Venerito V, Stefanizzi P, Fornaro M et al.. “Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in patients with psoriatic arthritis on TNF inhibitors.” RMD open (2022). PMID: 34987092 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Acute Management: Flares & Organ-Threatening Disease
  338. [338]

    Kavanaugh A, Husni ME, Harrison DD et al.. “Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous Golimumab in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis: Results Through Week Twenty-Four of the GO-VIBRANT Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2017). PMID: 28805045 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  339. [339]

    Coates LC, McInnes IB, Merola JF et al.. “Safety and Efficacy of Bimekizumab in Patients With Active Psoriatic Arthritis: Three-Year Results From a Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Trial and Its Open-Label Extension Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2022). PMID: 35829656 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  340. [340]

    Strand V, Gossec L, Coates LC et al.. “Improvements in Patient-Reported Outcomes After Treatment With Deucravacitinib in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis: Results From a Randomized Phase 2 Trial.” Arthritis care & research (2024). PMID: 38529674 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  341. [341]

    Helliwell PS, Kavanaugh A. “Radiographic Progression in Psoriatic Arthritis Achieving a Good Response to Treatment: Data Using Newer Composite Indices of Disease Activity.” Arthritis care & research (2018). PMID: 28834259 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  342. [342]

    Thomsen RS, Nilsen TIL, Haugeberg G et al.. “Impact of High-Intensity Interval Training on Disease Activity and Disease in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Arthritis care & research (2019). PMID: 29882634 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  343. [343]

    O'Dwyer JL, Meads DM, Hulme CT et al.. “Cost-Effectiveness of Tight Control of Inflammation in Early Psoriatic Arthritis: Economic Analysis of a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.” Arthritis care & research (2018). PMID: 28544822 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  344. [344]

    Ritchlin CT, Kavanaugh A, Merola JF et al.. “Bimekizumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: results from a 48-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2b trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2020). PMID: 32035552 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  345. [345]

    Mease PJ, Genovese MC, Greenwald MW et al.. “Brodalumab, an anti-IL17RA monoclonal antibody, in psoriatic arthritis.” The New England journal of medicine (2014). PMID: 24918373 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  346. [346]

    Cantini F, Marchesoni A, Novelli L et al.. “Effects of upadacitinib on enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a post hoc analysis of SELECT-PsA 1 and 2 trials.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 38331400 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  347. [347]

    McGonagle D, Kavanaugh A, McInnes IB et al.. “Association of the clinical components in the distal interphalangeal joint synovio-entheseal complex and subsequent response to ixekizumab or adalimumab in psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 38341669 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  348. [348]

    Xue Y, Sun L, Zhang N et al.. “Vunakizumab in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 41632483 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  349. [349]

    Kavanaugh A, Coates LC, Mease PJ et al.. “Deucravacitinib, a selective, TYK2 inhibitor, in psoriatic arthritis: achievement of minimal disease activity components in a phase 2 trial.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 39423145 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  350. [350]

    Burmester GR, Cohen SB, Winthrop KL et al.. “Safety profile of upadacitinib over 15 000 patient-years across rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and atopic dermatitis.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 36754548 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  351. [351]

    Mease PJ, Reddy S, Ross S et al.. “Evaluating the efficacy of biologics with and without methotrexate in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a network meta-analysis.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38296801 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  352. [352]

    Qin P, Kragsnaes MS, Holm DK et al.. “Clinical Significance of Gut Microbiota Community Types for Long-Term Response to Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2025). PMID: 40814761 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  353. [353]

    Ogdie A, Merola JF, Mease PJ et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of Guselkumab in Participants With Active Psoriatic Arthritis After Inadequate Response to One Prior Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor: Week-24 Results of a Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2026). PMID: 41670439 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  354. [354]

    Chin A, Terrett A, Kwon M et al.. “Recommendations for the Use of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Pregnancy and Reproductive Health for Patients With Rheumatic Disease: A Scoping Review.” Arthritis care & research (2025). PMID: 40256995 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  355. [355]

    Sparks JA, Lesperance T, Accortt NA et al.. “Subsequent Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psoriatic Arthritis, or Psoriasis: Patterns of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Treatment.” Arthritis care & research (2019). PMID: 29799667 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment
  356. [356]

    Hastings R, Ding T, Butt S et al.. “Neutropenia in patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy.” Arthritis care & research (2010). PMID: 20535786 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  357. [357]

    Lee MP, Lii J, Jin Y et al.. “Patterns of Systemic Treatment for Psoriatic Arthritis in the US: 2004-2015.” Arthritis care & research (2018). PMID: 28804988 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  358. [358]

    Tonutti A, Abacar K, Macleod T et al.. “Time to lift the moratorium on IL-23 inhibitors for axial psoriatic arthritis.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2025). PMID: 41319674 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  359. [359]

    Al-Mossawi H, Taams LS, Goodyear CS et al.. “Precision medicine in psoriatic arthritis: how should we select targeted therapies?” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2019). PMID: 38229362 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  360. [360]

    Bentvelzen MLM, El Bouhaddani S, Spierings J et al.. “Predicting clinical response in psoriatic arthritis through integrative analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics.” Arthritis research & therapy (2026). PMID: 41821126 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  361. [361]

    Atwan A, Ingram JR, Abbott R et al.. “Oral fumaric acid esters for psoriasis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2015). PMID: 26258748 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment
  362. [362]

    Ramiro S, Radner H, van der Heijde D et al.. “Combination therapy for pain management in inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis).” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2011). PMID: 21975788 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  363. [363]

    Colebatch AN, Marks JL, Edwards CJ. “Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in people receiving methotrexate for inflammatory arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, other spondyloarthritis).” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2011). PMID: 22071858 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  364. [364]

    Huynh D, Kavanaugh A. “Psoriatic arthritis: current therapy and future approaches.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2014). PMID: 25125588 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  365. [365]

    Ribeiro AL, Singla S, Hay-Rollins C et al.. “Deciphering difficult-to-treat psoriatic arthritis: insights from an international survey of patients with psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 40221862 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  366. [366]

    Vassilakis KD, Papagoras C, Fytanidis N et al.. “Identification and characteristics of patients with potential difficult-to-treat psoriatic arthritis: exploratory analyses of the Greek PsA registry.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 38759119 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  367. [367]

    James L, Diamond C, Al-Mossawi H et al.. “High prevalence of MASLD in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis assessed with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 40569171 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  368. [368]

    Cronstein BN, Aune TM. “Methotrexate and its mechanisms of action in inflammatory arthritis.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2020). PMID: 32066940 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  369. [369]

    Gossec L, Coates LC, de Wit M et al.. “Management of psoriatic arthritis in 2016: a comparison of EULAR and GRAPPA recommendations.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2016). PMID: 27829672 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  370. [370]

    McHugh J. “Optimizing methotrexate withdrawal during COVID vaccination.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 36180548 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  371. [371]

    Davies K, Dures E, Ng WF. “Fatigue in inflammatory rheumatic diseases: current knowledge and areas for future research.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2021). PMID: 34599320 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  372. [372]

    Maksymowych WP. “Spondyloarthritis. Treat-to-target in spondyloarthritis--do we have a plan?” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2013). PMID: 23917954 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  373. [373]

    Dures E, Shepperd S, Mukherjee S et al.. “Treat-to-target in PsA: methods and necessity.” RMD open (2020). PMID: 32071281 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  374. [374]

    Paci V, Zabotti A, Fontanarosa A et al.. “Comparative effectiveness and predictors of remission between adalimumab and ixekizumab in patients with psoriatic arthritis: findings from the 'AIRE' multicentre study.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 41876147 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  375. [375]

    Agrawal A, Yadav SS, Balakrishnan C. “Efficacy and safety of dual-targeted therapy with tofacitinib and TNF inhibitors in refractory spondyloarthritis: a case series from a tertiary care center.” Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease (2026). PMID: 42146074 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  376. [376]

    Hegazy EM, Sadek EA, Ahmed SS. “Evaluation of serum TWEAK levels and treatment response in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a prospective comparative case-control study of adalimumab and methotrexate.” Clinical rheumatology (2026). PMID: 41848948 ↗

    L3CASE_CONTROLCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  377. [377]

    Anacleto-Dabarno M, Kharouf F, Carrizo Abarza V et al.. “Do Patients Diagnosed with Psoriatic Arthritis Before or Concurrently with Psoriasis Have Different Disease Phenotype and Outcomes?” The Journal of rheumatology (2026). PMID: 42386278 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term Management: The DMARD Ladder & Treat-to-Target
  378. [378]

    Gossec L, Smolen JS, Gaujoux-Viala C et al.. “European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2011). PMID: 21953336 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  379. [379]

    Gossec L, Smolen JS, Ramiro S et al.. “European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2015 update.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2015). PMID: 26644232 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  380. [380]

    Smolen JS, Braun J, Dougados M et al.. “Treating spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, to target: recommendations of an international task force.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2013). PMID: 23749611 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  381. [381]

    Russell MD, Schaffer A, Yang Z et al.. “Trends in autoimmune rheumatic disease diagnoses before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in England: a population-based cohort study using OpenSAFELY.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2026). PMID: 42379213 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  382. [382]

    Mease PJ, Gladman DD, Deodhar A et al.. “Impact of guselkumab, an interleukin-23 p19 subunit inhibitor, on enthesitis and dactylitis in patients with moderate to severe psoriatic arthritis: results from a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase II study.” RMD open (2020). PMID: 32665433 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  383. [383]

    Zhao SS, Pittam B, Harrison NL et al.. “Diagnostic delay in axial spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33428758 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  384. [384]

    Bengtsson K, Forsblad-d'Elia H, Deminger A et al.. “Incidence of extra-articular manifestations in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis: results from a national register-based cohort study.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33216939 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  385. [385]

    Winthrop KL, Weinblatt ME, Bathon J et al.. “Unmet need in rheumatology: reports from the Targeted Therapies meeting 2019.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2019). PMID: 31662322 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  386. [386]

    Winthrop KL, Weinblatt ME, Crow MK et al.. “Unmet need in rheumatology: reports from the Targeted Therapies meeting 2018.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2019). PMID: 30712015 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  387. [387]

    Binod KC, Jabbour A, Poudel P et al.. “IL-17A inhibitor-induced leucocytoclastic vasculitis is responsive to IL-23 blockade in a psoriatic arthritis patient.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024). PMID: 37679036 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  388. [388]

    Gutierrez M, Filippucci E, Salaffi F et al.. “Differential diagnosis between rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis: the value of ultrasound findings at metacarpophalangeal joints level.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2011). PMID: 21406459 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  389. [389]

    Eder L, Croxford R, Drucker AM et al.. “Understanding COVID-19 Risk in Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Population-Based Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Testing.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 34486829 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map), Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  390. [390]

    Hamdi W, Migowa A, Ferjani HL et al.. “Pediatric Society of the African League Against Rheumatism juvenile idiopathic arthritis recommendations for enthesitis-related arthritis and juvenile psoriatic arthritis.” Clinical rheumatology (2025). PMID: 39893309 ↗

    L5GUIDELINECited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  391. [391]

    Barozet M, Le Tilly O, Bejan-Angoulvant T et al.. “Hypertension and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Current hypertension reports (2024). PMID: 38819751 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  392. [392]

    Freitag M, Kolb P, Falcone V et al.. “Fcγ-receptor-activation by circulating immune complexes in systemic autoimmune diseases and its reduction by CD19-CAR T cell therapy.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2026). PMID: 41335463 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  393. [393]

    Westerweel PE, Verhaar MC. “Endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in rheumatic disease.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2009). PMID: 19434075 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  394. [394]

    Mease PJ, Gladman DD, Samad AS et al.. “Design and rationale of the Study of Etanercept and Methotrexate in Combination or as Monotherapy in Subjects with Psoriatic Arthritis (SEAM-PsA).” RMD open (2018). PMID: 29531787 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  395. [395]

    Martín-Varillas JL, Sanchez-Bilbao L, Calvo-Río V et al.. “Long-term follow-up of certolizumab pegol in uveitis due to immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: multicentre study of 80 patients.” RMD open (2022). PMID: 36597972 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  396. [396]

    Atschekzei F, Dubrowinskaja N, Anim M et al.. “Identification of variants in genes associated with autoinflammatory disorders in a cohort of patients with psoriatic arthritis.” RMD open (2022). PMID: 36113963 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  397. [397]

    Pukšić S, Bolton-King P, Sexton J et al.. “DAPSA and ultrasound show different perspectives of psoriatic arthritis disease activity: results from a 12-month longitudinal observational study in patients starting treatment with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.” RMD open (2018). PMID: 30487999 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  398. [398]

    Oliveira-Ramos F, Eusébio M, M Martins F et al.. “Juvenile idiopathic arthritis in adulthood: fulfilment of classification criteria for adult rheumatic diseases, long-term outcomes and predictors of inactive disease, functional status and damage.” RMD open (2016). PMID: 27752356 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  399. [399]

    Veltri C, Albrecht K, Kiltz U et al.. “Trends in work participation among patients with inflammatory rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (iRMDs): Data from the German National Database (2010-2022).” RMD open (2025). PMID: 39863303 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  400. [400]

    Laatar A, Miladi S, Fazaa A et al.. “[Not Available].” La Tunisie medicale (2025). PMID: 39812192 ↗

    L5GUIDELINECited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  401. [401]

    Baekdal JA, Bjerken L, Hansen ESH et al.. “Interstitial lung disease in psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG (2026). PMID: 41891404 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  402. [402]

    Yan R, Ke D, Zhang Y et al.. “Clinical features and therapeutic challenges of psoriatic arthritis coexisting with antisynthetase syndrome: a case report and literature review.” Frontiers in immunology (2025). PMID: 40861474 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  403. [403]

    Magen E, Aamar S, Magen I et al.. “Long-term rheumatologic comorbidities in familial Mediterranean fever.” Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism (2026). PMID: 42250404 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  404. [404]

    Rotondo C, Busto G, Barile R et al.. “HLA-B*51 Beyond Behcet's Disease: Topography of Symptoms, Associated Diagnoses, and Characterization of Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis Phenotypes.” International journal of molecular sciences (2026). PMID: 42123313 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Multisystem & Extra-Articular Involvement (Organ-by-Organ Map)
  405. [405]

    Peters MJ, Symmons DP, McCarey D et al.. “EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2009). PMID: 19773290 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  406. [406]

    Michielsens CA, den Broeder N, van den Hoogen FH et al.. “Treat-to-target dose reduction and withdrawal strategy of TNF inhibitors in psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis: a randomised controlled non-inferiority trial.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2022). PMID: 35701155 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  407. [407]

    Burmester GR, Mease P, Dijkmans BA et al.. “Adalimumab safety and mortality rates from global clinical trials of six immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2009). PMID: 19147611 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  408. [408]

    Burmester GR, Panaccione R, Gordon KB et al.. “Adalimumab: long-term safety in 23 458 patients from global clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and Crohn's disease.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2012). PMID: 22562972 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  409. [409]

    Jamnitski A, Symmons D, Peters MJ et al.. “Cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2012). PMID: 22532629 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  410. [410]

    Mok CC, Ko GT, Ho LY et al.. “Prevalence of atherosclerotic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic inflammatory arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2011). PMID: 20890981 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  411. [411]

    Mease P, Roussou E, Burmester GR et al.. “Safety of Ixekizumab in Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis: Results From a Pooled Analysis of Three Clinical Trials.” Arthritis care & research (2019). PMID: 30156760 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  412. [412]

    Exarchou S, Di Giuseppe D, Klingberg E et al.. “Mortality in patients with psoriatic arthritis in Sweden: a nationwide, population-based cohort study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2024). PMID: 38049985 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  413. [413]

    Wetzman A, Lukas C, Gaujoux-Viala C et al.. “Risk of Cancer After Initiation of Targeted Therapies in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and a Prior Cancer: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 34549898 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment
  414. [414]

    Lin TC, Yoshida K, Tedeschi SK et al.. “Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Reactivation in Patients With Inflammatory Arthritis Receiving Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Arthritis care & research (2018). PMID: 28834412 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  415. [415]

    Ernste FC, Sánchez-Menéndez M, Wilton KM et al.. “Cardiovascular risk profile at the onset of psoriatic arthritis: a population-based cohort study.” Arthritis care & research (2015). PMID: 25581120 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  416. [416]

    Wells AF, Edwards CJ, Kivitz AJ et al.. “Apremilast monotherapy for long-term treatment of active psoriatic arthritis in DMARD-naïve patients.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 34100922 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, History and Evolution of Treatment
  417. [417]

    Leng X, Lin W, Liu S et al.. “Efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in Chinese patients with active psoriatic arthritis: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 36720560 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  418. [418]

    Genovese MC, Mysler E, Tomita T et al.. “Safety of ixekizumab in adult patients with plaque psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis: data from 21 clinical trials.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32449924 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  419. [419]

    Charles-Schoeman C, Choy E, McInnes IB et al.. “MACE and VTE across upadacitinib clinical trial programmes in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 37945286 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  420. [420]

    Mease PJ, Gensler LS, Orbai AM et al.. “Long-term safety of bimekizumab in adult patients with axial spondyloarthritis or psoriatic arthritis: pooled results from integrated phase IIb/III clinical studies.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 40194794 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  421. [421]

    Kerschbaumer A, Smolen JS, Nash P et al.. “Points to consider for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases with Janus kinase inhibitors: a systematic literature research.” RMD open (2020). PMID: 33188136 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  422. [422]

    Xia J, Xie SY, Liu KQ et al.. “Systemic evaluation of the relationship between psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and osteoporosis: observational and Mendelian randomisation study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 32737104 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  423. [423]

    Magnusson K, Turkiewicz A, Rydén M et al.. “Genetic Influence on Osteoarthritis Versus Other Rheumatic Diseases.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2024). PMID: 37691153 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  424. [424]

    Wu S, Li WQ, Han J et al.. “Hypercholesterolemia and risk of incident psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in US women.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2014). PMID: 24504802 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  425. [425]

    Colaco K, Lee KA, Akhtari S et al.. “Derivation and Internal Validation of a Disease-Specific Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Model for Patients With Psoriatic Arthritis and Psoriasis.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2023). PMID: 37691498 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  426. [426]

    Accortt NA, Bonafede MM, Collier DH et al.. “Risk of Subsequent Infection Among Patients Receiving Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors and Other Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2016). PMID: 26359948 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  427. [427]

    Yang KL, Mullins BJ, Lejeune A et al.. “Mitigation of Osteoclast-Mediated Arthritic Bone Remodeling By Short Chain Fatty Acids.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2024). PMID: 37994265 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  428. [428]

    Hoving JL, Lacaille D, Urquhart DM et al.. “Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing job loss in workers with inflammatory arthritis.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2014). PMID: 25375291 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  429. [429]

    Toma AO, Crainic D, Mateescu DM et al.. “Effects of Biologic Therapies and Narrowband UVB Phototherapy on Vascular Inflammation and Systemic Inflammatory Biomarkers in Psoriasis: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Prospective Studies.” Journal of clinical medicine (2026). PMID: 41976889 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  430. [430]

    Li P, Wang Q, Yang Y et al.. “Autoimmune thyroid disease and human health: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies.” Frontiers in immunology (2025). PMID: 41425574 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  431. [431]

    Tam LS, Leung YY, Li EK. “Psoriatic arthritis in Asia.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2009). PMID: 19713440 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  432. [432]

    Xie W, Bian W, Song Z et al.. “Association between triglyceride-glucose index and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2023). PMID: 36897031 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  433. [433]

    Cheng IT, Li EK, Wong PC et al.. “Treat to target and prevention of subclinical atherosclerosis in psoriatic arthritis-which target should we choose?” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32087023 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  434. [434]

    Lioté F, Constantin A, Dahan É et al.. “A prospective survey on therapeutic inertia in psoriatic arthritis (OPTI'PsA).” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2024). PMID: 37261843 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  435. [435]

    Soós B, Szentpétery Á, Raterman HG et al.. “Effects of targeted therapies on bone in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 35273387 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  436. [436]

    Croft M, Siegel RM. “Beyond TNF: TNF superfamily cytokines as targets for the treatment of rheumatic diseases.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2017). PMID: 28275260 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  437. [437]

    Regierer AC, Hasseli R, Schäfer M et al.. “TNFi is associated with positive outcome, but JAKi and rituximab are associated with negative outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with RMD.” RMD open (2021). PMID: 34670840 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  438. [438]

    Raadsen R, Hansildaar R, Pouw LC et al.. “Cardiovascular disease risk in patients with inflammatory arthritis nowadays still substantially elevated.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 38053460 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  439. [439]

    Haddad A, Zabari Parnis E, Stein N et al.. “The Association Between SARS-CoV-2 Exposure, COVID-19 Vaccination and Psoriatic Arthritis-A Nested Case-Control Study.” Vaccines (2026). PMID: 42042765 ↗

    L3CASE_CONTROLCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  440. [440]

    Martini M, Logiudice L, Mazzuoccolo LD et al.. “Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Events in Psoriatic Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” ACR open rheumatology (2026). PMID: 42055019 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  441. [441]

    Yang Z, Atzeni F, Russell M et al.. “Patterns and risk of cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a nationwide cohort study in the UK.” Rheumatology advances in practice (2026). PMID: 41695577 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  442. [442]

    Firdous S, Amjad H, Choudhary MU et al.. “Emerging biological therapies for psoriatic arthritis: A systematic review.” Medicine (2025). PMID: 41189198 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  443. [443]

    Majjad A, El Guarti S, Mansouri H et al.. “Psoriatic Arthritis Characteristics and Comorbidities in North Africa: Results of a Multicenter Retrospective Study.” Journal of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (2025). PMID: 41459256 ↗

    L4COHORTCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  444. [444]

    Charca LC, Braña I, Loredo M et al.. “Multisite Atherosclerosis and SCORE2-Based Risk Stratification in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Phenotype-Dependent Role of Vascular Territories.” Biomedicines (2026). PMID: 42351823 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Complications: Disease-Driven & Treatment-Related
  445. [445]

    Tillett W, Allen A, Tucker L et al.. “Treatment of psoriatic arthritis with biologic and targeted synthetic DMARDs: British Society for Rheumatology guideline scope.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33097948 ↗

    L5GUIDELINECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  446. [446]

    van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Fleischmann R et al.. “Early Disease Activity or Clinical Response as Predictors of Long-Term Outcomes With Certolizumab Pegol in Axial Spondyloarthritis or Psoriatic Arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2017). PMID: 27696727 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  447. [447]

    Helliwell PS, Deodhar A, Gottlieb AB et al.. “Composite Measures of Disease Activity in Psoriatic Arthritis: Comparative Instrument Performance Based on the Efficacy of Guselkumab in an Interventional Phase II Trial.” Arthritis care & research (2020). PMID: 31421033 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  448. [448]

    Coates LC, Mease PJ, Gossec L et al.. “Minimal Disease Activity Among Active Psoriatic Arthritis Patients Treated With Secukinumab: 2-Year Results From a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Study.” Arthritis care & research (2018). PMID: 29409133 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  449. [449]

    Mease PJ, Goffe BS, Metz J et al.. “Etanercept in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a randomised trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2000). PMID: 10972371 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  450. [450]

    Choufani M, Ermann J, Goel N. “Race, Ethnicity, and Geographic Diversity in Pivotal Psoriatic Arthritis Clinical Trials: Further Progress Needed.” Arthritis care & research (2025). PMID: 40386882 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  451. [451]

    Wu D, Yue J, Tam LS. “Efficacy and safety of biologics targeting interleukin-6, -12/23 and -17 pathways for peripheral psoriatic arthritis: a network meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2018). PMID: 29244162 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  452. [452]

    Gossec L, Baraliakos X, Aletaha D et al.. “Multi-domain effectiveness of guselkumab evaluated via composite indices through 1 year in patients with PsA and inadequate response to TNFi: post hoc analysis of COSMOS.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 39437003 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  453. [453]

    Taylor PC, Kavanaugh A, Bessette L et al.. “Effects of upadacitinib or adalimumab on pain in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis: results from randomised phase 3 studies.” RMD open (2026). PMID: 41506743 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  454. [454]

    Gladman D, Tillett W, Gruben D et al.. “Identification of distinct disease activity trajectories in patients with psoriatic arthritis receiving tofacitinib: a post hoc analysis of two phase 3 studies.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 40461265 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  455. [455]

    Gladman D, Nash P, Goto H et al.. “Fatigue numeric rating scale validity, discrimination and responder definition in patients with psoriatic arthritis.” RMD open (2020). PMID: 31958274 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  456. [456]

    Masson Regnault M, Brenaut E, Marniquet ME et al.. “French guidelines on systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe psoriasis in adults: Update 2025.” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV (2025). PMID: 41469898 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  457. [457]

    Goel N. “Conducting research in psoriatic arthritis: the emerging role of patient research partners.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2020). PMID: 32159791 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  458. [458]

    Eyre S, Orozco G, Worthington J. “The genetics revolution in rheumatology: large scale genomic arrays and genetic mapping.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2017). PMID: 28569263 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  459. [459]

    Solmaz D, Bakirci S, Kimyon G et al.. “Impact of Having Family History of Psoriasis or Psoriatic Arthritis on Psoriatic Disease.” Arthritis care & research (2020). PMID: 30680951 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  460. [460]

    Gossec L, Balanescu A, D'Agostino MA et al.. “Efficacy of Risankizumab across distinct PsA phenotypes identified with machine learning analytics using data from biologic DMARD-Naïve patients in two phase 3 clinical trials.” Arthritis research & therapy (2025). PMID: 41318485 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  461. [461]

    Assmann G, Klemm PCM, Hedrich C et al.. “[Diagnosis and treatment of chronic nonbacterial osteitis (CNO) and SAPHO syndrome : Implications of the current consensus recommendations of an international commission of experts for German rheumatology].” Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie (2025). PMID: 41313366 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  462. [462]

    Desai RJ, Thaler KJ, Mahlknecht P et al.. “Comparative Risk of Harm Associated With the Use of Targeted Immunomodulators: A Systematic Review.” Arthritis care & research (2016). PMID: 26663412 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  463. [463]

    Glerup M, Arnstad ED, Rypdal V et al.. “Changing Patterns in Treatment, Remission Status, and Categories in a Long-Term Nordic Cohort Study of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 35015381 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  464. [464]

    Mease PJ, McInnes IB, Tam LS et al.. “Comparative effectiveness of guselkumab in psoriatic arthritis: results from systematic literature review and network meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33844022 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  465. [465]

    Bravo Vergel Y, Hawkins NS, Claxton K et al.. “The cost-effectiveness of etanercept and infliximab for the treatment of patients with psoriatic arthritis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2007). PMID: 17956918 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  466. [466]

    Chang CA, Gottlieb AB, Lizzul PF. “Management of psoriatic arthritis from the view of the dermatologist.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2011). PMID: 21912431 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  467. [467]

    Pisaniello HL, Whittle SL, Johnston RV et al.. “Dose reduction and discontinuation of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for people with rheumatoid arthritis or psoriatic arthritis in remission or low disease activity.” The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2025). PMID: 41025432 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  468. [468]

    Elkayam O, Amir S, Mendelson E et al.. “Efficacy and safety of vaccination against pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus among patients with rheumatic diseases.” Arthritis care & research (2011). PMID: 21425247 ↗

    L3RCTCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  469. [469]

    Marzo-Ortega H, McGonagle D, Rhodes LA et al.. “Efficacy of infliximab on MRI-determined bone oedema in psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2006). PMID: 17185324 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  470. [470]

    Mariette X, Förger F, Abraham B et al.. “Lack of placental transfer of certolizumab pegol during pregnancy: results from CRIB, a prospective, postmarketing, pharmacokinetic study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2017). PMID: 29030361 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  471. [471]

    Fleischmann R, Baumgartner SW, Weisman MH et al.. “Long term safety of etanercept in elderly subjects with rheumatic diseases.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2005). PMID: 16150792 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  472. [472]

    Kerschbaumer A, Smolen JS, Dougados M et al.. “Pharmacological treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature research for the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 32381564 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  473. [473]

    Schieir O, Tosevski C, Glazier RH et al.. “Incident myocardial infarction associated with major types of arthritis in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2017). PMID: 28219882 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  474. [474]

    Mehta P, Gao S, Abarza VC et al.. “Functional Impact of Structural Damage in Psoriatic Arthritis: Insights from a Prospective Cohort Study.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2026). PMID: 41854268 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  475. [475]

    Pattison E, Harrison BJ, Griffiths CE et al.. “Environmental risk factors for the development of psoriatic arthritis: results from a case-control study.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2007). PMID: 17823200 ↗

    L3CASE_CONTROLCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  476. [476]

    Bjørlykke KH, Ørbo HS, Tveter AT et al.. “Four SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses or hybrid immunity in patients on immunosuppressive therapies: a Norwegian cohort study.” The Lancet. Rheumatology (2022). PMID: 36415604 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  477. [477]

    Xie W, Huang H, Ji L et al.. “Maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2021). PMID: 33878171 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  478. [478]

    Nagra D, Bechman K, Russell MD et al.. “Pneumococcal vaccine uptake in patients with inflammatory arthritis: a single centre cohort study.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 38833673 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  479. [479]

    Kharouf F, Mehta P, Carrizo Abarza V et al.. “Subclinical psoriatic arthritis: concepts, dilemmas, and research needs.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2026). PMID: 41934034 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  480. [480]

    Lortholary O, Fernandez-Ruiz M, Baddley JW et al.. “Infectious complications of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis during targeted and biological therapies: a viewpoint in 2020.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases (2020). PMID: 32963049 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  481. [481]

    Syversen SW, Jyssum I, Tveter AT et al.. “Immunogenicity and Safety of Standard and Third-Dose SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2022). PMID: 35507355 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  482. [482]

    Eder L, Lee KA, Chandran V et al.. “Derivation of a Multivariable Psoriatic Arthritis Risk Estimation Tool (PRESTO): A Step Towards Prevention.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2023). PMID: 37555242 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  483. [483]

    Yun H, Yang S, Chen L et al.. “Risk of Herpes Zoster in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Diseases: Implications for Vaccination.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2016). PMID: 26990731 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  484. [484]

    Favalli EG, Monti S, Ingegnoli F et al.. “Incidence of COVID-19 in Patients With Rheumatic Diseases Treated With Targeted Immunosuppressive Drugs: What Can We Learn From Observational Data?” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2020). PMID: 32506699 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  485. [485]

    Desai RJ, Huybrechts KF, Bateman BT et al.. “Brief Report: Patterns and Secular Trends in Use of Immunomodulatory Agents During Pregnancy in Women With Rheumatic Conditions.” Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) (2016). PMID: 26606742 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  486. [486]

    Secher AEP, Granath F, Remaeus K et al.. “Preterm birth in women with psoriatic arthritis: what are the risks and risk factors? A collaborative cohort study from Sweden, Denmark and Norway.” RMD open (2025). PMID: 41052892 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  487. [487]

    Secher AEP, Granath F, Glintborg B et al.. “Risk of pre-eclampsia and impact of disease activity and antirheumatic treatment in women with rheumatoid arthritis, axial spondylarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: a collaborative matched cohort study from Sweden and Denmark.” RMD open (2022). PMID: 36328400 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  488. [488]

    George MD, Baker JF, Hsu JY et al.. “Perioperative Timing of Infliximab and the Risk of Serious Infection After Elective Hip and Knee Arthroplasty.” Arthritis care & research (2017). PMID: 28129484 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  489. [489]

    Sumpton D, Oliffe M, Kane B et al.. “Patients' Perspectives on Shared Decision-Making About Medications in Psoriatic Arthritis: An Interview Study.” Arthritis care & research (2022). PMID: 34235887 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  490. [490]

    Crauwels H, Ringold S, Howard S et al.. “Extrapolating Guselkumab Efficacy to Juvenile Psoriatic Arthritis from Adult Psoriatic Arthritis and Adult and Pediatric Psoriasis Data.” Paediatric drugs (2025). PMID: 41152645 ↗

    L5RCTCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  491. [491]

    Dulai AS, Joshi A, Min M et al.. “Systematic Review of Accelerated Epigenetic Aging in Chronic Inflammatory Dermatology Conditions.” International journal of dermatology (2025). PMID: 40940698 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  492. [492]

    Yang A, Cheng B, Seyger MMB et al.. “The Burden of Pediatric Psoriasis: A Systematic Review.” American journal of clinical dermatology (2025). PMID: 40694272 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  493. [493]

    Kerola AM, Kazemi A, Rollefstad S et al.. “All-cause and cause-specific mortality in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis: a nationwide registry study.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 35377442 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  494. [494]

    Nakafero G, Grainge MJ, Card T et al.. “Uptake and safety of pneumococcal vaccination in adults with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a UK wide observational study.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2025). PMID: 38479823 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  495. [495]

    Rider LG, Parks CG, Wilkerson J et al.. “Baseline factors associated with self-reported disease flares following COVID-19 vaccination among adults with systemic rheumatic disease: results from the COVID-19 global rheumatology alliance vaccine survey.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2022). PMID: 35460240 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  496. [496]

    Tang MW, Reedquist KA, Garcia S et al.. “The prolactin receptor is expressed in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis synovial tissue and contributes to macrophage activation.” Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (2016). PMID: 27616146 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  497. [497]

    Perez-Chada LM, Haberman RH, Chandran V et al.. “Consensus terminology for preclinical phases of psoriatic arthritis for use in research studies: results from a Delphi consensus study.” Nature reviews. Rheumatology (2021). PMID: 33589818 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  498. [498]

    Miao Y, Beauchet A, Piram M et al.. “Drug survival of systemic treatments for severe paediatric psoriasis: An international retrospective study.” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV (2025). PMID: 41104794 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  499. [499]

    Koehm M, Behrens F. “Association between biological immunotherapy for psoriasis and time to incident inflammatory arthritis: limitations and opportunities.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 37734874 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  500. [500]

    Kumar C, Kuhn M, Herrmann K et al.. “Severe methotrexate toxicity in elderly patients under diuretics.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 38176739 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  501. [501]

    Correll CK, Stryker S, Collier D et al.. “Occurrence of adverse events and change in disease activity after initiation of etanercept in paediatric patients with juvenile psoriatic arthritis in the CARRA Registry.” RMD open (2023). PMID: 37230760 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention
  502. [502]

    Kummer LYL, Fernández Blanco L, Kreher C et al.. “Methotrexate treatment hampers induction of vaccine-specific CD4 T cell responses in patients with IMID.” RMD open (2024). PMID: 39375177 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Special Populations, Pregnancy & Prevention

Revision History

All updates applied to this page

Loading revisions…