Skip to main content
WoMWeb of Medicine
SearchGraphHistory
Oncology›Condition·Updated Jun 21, 2026·v1

Cervical Cancer Surveillance and Follow-up

Cervical cancer surveillance is most intensive in the first two years post-treatment, relying on clinical examination and PET/CT to detect the 30-40% of recurrences that occur within five years. Management emphasizes minimizing late radiation toxicity through IG-IMRT and addressing survivorship needs like smoking cessation and sexual health.

High Evidence155 references·695 words·3 min read·v1
oncologygynecologycervical_cancersurveillancesurvivorship

Quick Reference

RxDrug of choice[[Cisplatin]] (40 mg/m² weekly during CCRT)
AltAlternatives[[Carboplatin]] (if cisplatin-intolerant)
⊘AvoidMinimally invasive radical hysterectomy in locally advanced disease (LACC trial)
DxTest of choicePhysical Exam (Pelvic/Rectovaginal) + [[PET/CT]]
ScKey scoreNCCN/ESGO Surveillance Guidelines
→When to referNew-onset pelvic pain, ureteral obstruction, or suspected isolated central recurrence
Surveillance focuses on the first 24 months post-therapy using clinical exams and PET/CT; smoking cessation and IG-IMRT are vital for reducing recurrence and late toxicity.
Surveillance for cervical cancer focuses on identifying the 30-40% of patients who experience recurrence or progression within 5 years of definitive therapy [11]. Guidelines emphasize a risk-stratified approach, prioritizing clinical assessment over routine imaging [2, 11]. Physical, pelvic, and rectovaginal examinations are the cornerstones of every visit to detect locoregional failure [2, 47]. This guide summarizes clinical follow-up intervals, imaging modalities, molecular biomarkers, and the management of late treatment toxicities.

Overview and Recommendations

Background

  • •Recurrence risk in cervical cancer remains high, with 30–40% of patients experiencing relapse within 5 years of completing definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT); the vast majority of these events occur within the first 24 months.
  • •The LACC trial (2018) established a paradigm shift in surgical surveillance, demonstrating that minimally invasive radical (MIS) carries a higher hazard of recurrence (aHR 1.88) compared to open surgery, with a number needed to harm (NNH) of 63 to cause one additional recurrence.
  • •High-risk populations, including patients with HIV or those who have undergone hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), require intensified monitoring due to a significantly elevated risk of secondary lower genital tract neoplasms and anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL).
  • •Molecular surveillance is evolving with the use of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) to detect circulating HPV E7 DNA, which serves as a highly specific marker for residual disease and can identify molecular relapse months before radiographic progression.
  • •Histologic subtypes dictate surveillance strategy; while most cases are HPV-associated, gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma (G-EAC) is HPV-independent and requires alternative monitoring via methylation markers like CDO1 or CELF4 rather than HPV-based assays.

Evaluation

  • •Suspect recurrence in any patient presenting with new-onset pelvic pain, intermenstrual or post-coital bleeding, unexplained weight loss, or persistent leg edema.
  • •Perform a comprehensive physical examination at every visit, including a speculum exam, bimanual pelvic assessment, and rectovaginal palpation to detect locoregional failure in the vaginal cuff or parametria.
  • •Order as the preferred imaging modality for asymptomatic surveillance or to evaluate suspected recurrence, as pelvic PET-positivity is a strong predictor of poor long-term outcomes.
  • •Utilize pelvic for superior soft-tissue resolution when assessing the vaginal cuff or parametria, particularly in patients who underwent fertility-sparing surgery or simple hysterectomy for occult invasive disease.
  • •Monitor HPV ctDNA (specifically the E7 gene) via ddPCR if available, as persistent or rising levels post-CRT strongly correlate with inferior progression-free survival and provide a lead-time advantage over conventional imaging.
  • •Evaluate for late radiation toxicity by screening for symptoms of radiation proctitis, cystitis, or intestinal strictures, especially in patients who received 3D-conformal radiation rather than intensity-modulated techniques.
  • •Assess sexual health and vaginal function using validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) tools, as vaginal shortening and agglutination are nearly universal after radical pelvic therapy.

Management

  • •Adhere to a risk-stratified surveillance schedule: clinical follow-up every 3–6 months for the first 2 years, then every 6–12 months until the 5-year mark.
  • •Prioritize smoking cessation as a primary survivorship intervention; utilize the Motivation And Problem Solving (MAPS) behavioral program to reduce the risk of recurrence and improve overall quality of life.
  • •Implement image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG- ) for patients requiring adjuvant radiation to reduce Grade ≥2 gastrointestinal toxicity (NNT = 11 compared to 3D-conformal radiation).
  • •Administer weekly 40 mg/m² concurrently with radiation in intermediate-to-high risk patients to improve recurrence-free survival, while monitoring closely for neurotoxicity and renal impairment.
  • •Manage vaginal health post-radiation by recommending regular use of vaginal dilators and non-hormonal lubricants to prevent agglutination and maintain sexual function.
  • •Provide psychosocial telephone counseling (PTC), consisting of 5 weekly sessions and a 1-month booster, to improve quality-of-life domains and modulate biological stress markers.
  • •Counsel patients with intact reproductive potential on contraception; hormonal methods are generally safe as cervical cancer is typically not hormonally sensitive, but no single test can definitively rule out pregnancy potential.
  • •Refer patients with suspected isolated central pelvic recurrence for evaluation for pelvic exenteration, which remains a potentially curative salvage option in highly selected cases.
  • •Encourage for the patient’s family members (specifically girls aged 9–14) to prevent future HPV-related disease cycles.
  • •Avoid routine adjuvant chemotherapy following definitive chemoradiotherapy, as current evidence (HR 1.01) suggests it does not improve overall survival compared to CRT alone.

Board Review — High Yield

  • •LACC Trial — Demonstrated that open radical hysterectomy has superior oncologic outcomes compared to minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for early-stage cervical cancer.
  • •HPV E7 ctDNA — An emerging biomarker that provides a lead-time advantage over imaging for detecting molecular recurrence.
  • •IG-IMRT vs 3D-CRT — Image-guided IMRT reduces late Grade ≥2 GI toxicity by nearly 50% (NNT = 11).
  • •G-EAC Subtype — Gastric-type endocervical adenocarcinoma is HPV-independent and requires methylation markers (CDO1/CELF4) for molecular surveillance.
  • •SHAPE Trial — Showed that simple hysterectomy is non-inferior to radical hysterectomy for low-risk lesions (≤2cm) and preserves better sexual health.
  • •Smoking Cessation — One of the most effective interventions to reduce recurrence risk and improve survivorship outcomes.
  • •HIV/HCT Status — These patients require intensified surveillance for secondary cancers, including anal HSIL and anal cancer.

Deep Dive — Evidence Details

References

  1. [1]

    Reid E, Suneja G, Ambinder RF et al.. “AIDS-Related Kaposi Sarcoma, Version 2.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2019). PMID: 30787130 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Surveillance Schedule
  2. [2]

    Morice P, Scambia G, Abu-Rustum NR et al.. “Fertility-sparing treatment and follow-up in patients with cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and borderline ovarian tumours: guidelines from ESGO, ESHRE, and ESGE.” The Lancet. Oncology (2024). PMID: 39216500 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Surveillance Schedule
  3. [3]

    Chang HA, Armenian SH, Dellinger TH. “Secondary Neoplasms of the Female Lower Genital Tract After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2018). PMID: 29439180 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  4. [4]

    Cetina L, González-Enciso A, Cantú D et al.. “Brachytherapy versus radical hysterectomy after external beam chemoradiation with gemcitabine plus cisplatin: a randomized, phase III study in IB2-IIB cervical cancer patients.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2013). PMID: 23609186 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  5. [5]

    Gupta S, Maheshwari A, Parab P et al.. “Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Radical Surgery Versus Concomitant Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Patients With Stage IB2, IIA, or IIB Squamous Cervical Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2018). PMID: 29432076 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  6. [6]

    Kenter GG, Greggi S, Vergote I et al.. “Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Surgery Versus Chemoradiation in Stage IB2-IIB Cervical Cancer: EORTC-55994.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2023). PMID: 37656948 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  7. [7]

    Vidrine JI, Sutton SK, Wetter DW et al.. “Efficacy of a Smoking Cessation Intervention for Survivors of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia or Cervical Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2023). PMID: 36921237 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Late Toxicity and Survivorship, Patient Counselling
  8. [8]

    Wentzensen N, Egemen D, Clarke MA et al.. “Long-Term Prospective Cohort Study of Cervical Cancer Screening Using Triage of Women Who Are Human Papillomavirus-Positive With Dual Stain and Human Papillomavirus Genotyping.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2026). PMID: 41701950 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  9. [9]

    Katsumata N, Hirai Y, Kamiura S et al.. “Phase II study of S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine, in patients with advanced or recurrent cervical cancer.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2011). PMID: 21345941 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  10. [10]

    Kalliala I, Athanasiou A, Veroniki AA et al.. “Incidence and mortality from cervical cancer and other malignancies after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2020). PMID: 31959338 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  11. [11]

    Monk BJ, Toita T, Wu X et al.. “Durvalumab versus placebo with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (CALLA): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 38039991 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  12. [12]

    Mileshkin LR, Moore KN, Barnes EH et al.. “Adjuvant chemotherapy following chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer versus chemoradiotherapy alone (OUTBACK): an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 37080223 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  13. [13]

    Oaknin A, Moore K, Meyer T et al.. “Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (CheckMate 358): a phase 1-2, open-label, multicohort trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2024). PMID: 38608691 ↗

    L4RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  14. [14]

    Monk BJ, Tewari KS, Dubot C et al.. “Health-related quality of life with pembrolizumab or placebo plus chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer (KEYNOTE-826): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 36878237 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  15. [15]

    Chu T, Meng Y, Wu P et al.. “The prognosis of patients with small cell carcinoma of the cervix: a retrospective study of the SEER database and a Chinese multicentre registry.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 37269846 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  16. [16]

    Plante M, Kwon JS, Ferguson S et al.. “Simple versus Radical Hysterectomy in Women with Low-Risk Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2024). PMID: 38416430 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  17. [17]

    Palefsky JM, Lee JY, Jay N et al.. “Treatment of Anal High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions to Prevent Anal Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2022). PMID: 35704479 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  18. [18]

    Chung HC, Ros W, Delord JP et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab in Previously Treated Advanced Cervical Cancer: Results From the Phase II KEYNOTE-158 Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2019). PMID: 30943124 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  19. [19]

    Frenel JS, Le Tourneau C, O'Neil B et al.. “Safety and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Advanced, Programmed Death Ligand 1-Positive Cervical Cancer: Results From the Phase Ib KEYNOTE-028 Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2017). PMID: 29095678 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  20. [20]

    O'Malley DM, Neffa M, Monk BJ et al.. “Dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 Checkpoint Blockade Using Balstilimab and Zalifrelimab Combination as Second-Line Treatment for Advanced Cervical Cancer: An Open-Label Phase II Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2022). PMID: 34932394 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  21. [21]

    Naumann RW, Hollebecque A, Meyer T et al.. “Safety and Efficacy of Nivolumab Monotherapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical, Vaginal, or Vulvar Carcinoma: Results From the Phase I/II CheckMate 358 Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2019). PMID: 31487218 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  22. [22]

    Cho WK, Park W, Kim SW et al.. “Postoperative Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy With Concurrent Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer: The POHIM-CCRT Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.” JAMA oncology (2024). PMID: 38662364 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  23. [23]

    Pötter R, Tanderup K, Schmid MP et al.. “MRI-guided adaptive brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer (EMBRACE-I): a multicentre prospective cohort study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2021). PMID: 33794207 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  24. [24]

    Coleman RL, Lorusso D, Gennigens C et al.. “Efficacy and safety of tisotumab vedotin in previously treated recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (innovaTV 204/GOG-3023/ENGOT-cx6): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2021). PMID: 33845034 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  25. [25]

    Gao X, Xu N, Li Z et al.. “Safety and antitumour activity of cadonilimab, an anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 bispecific antibody, for patients with advanced solid tumours (COMPASSION-03): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1b/2 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 37797632 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  26. [26]

    Li K, Chen J, Hu Y et al.. “Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus camrelizumab for locally advanced cervical cancer (NACI study): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2024). PMID: 38048802 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  27. [27]

    Rombouts AJM, Hugen N, van Beek JJP et al.. “Does pelvic radiation increase rectal cancer incidence? - A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Cancer treatment reviews (2018). PMID: 29957373 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  28. [28]

    Arbyn M, Simon M, de Sanjosé S et al.. “Accuracy and effectiveness of HPV mRNA testing in cervical cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” The Lancet. Oncology (2022). PMID: 35709810 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  29. [29]

    Mayadev JS, Enserro D, Lin YG et al.. “Sequential Ipilimumab After Chemoradiotherapy in Curative-Intent Treatment of Patients With Node-Positive Cervical Cancer.” JAMA oncology (2020). PMID: 31774464 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  30. [30]

    Han K, Fyles A, Shek T et al.. “A Phase II Randomized Trial of Chemoradiation with or without Metformin in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2022). PMID: 36037303 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  31. [31]

    de la Rochefordiere A, Kamal M, Floquet A et al.. “PIK3CA Pathway Mutations Predictive of Poor Response Following Standard Radiochemotherapy ± Cetuximab in Cervical Cancer Patients.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2015). PMID: 25724520 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  32. [32]

    Alimena S, Pachigolla SL, Feldman S et al.. “Race- and Age-Related Disparities in Cervical Cancer Mortality.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2021). PMID: 33789223 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  33. [33]

    Massad LS. “Developing guidelines for cervical cancer prevention in the face of diagnostic complexity.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2014). PMID: 24616540 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Surveillance Schedule
  34. [34]

    Rajendran JG, Greer BE. “Expanding role of positron emission tomography in cancer of the uterine cervix.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2006). PMID: 16687094 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Surveillance Schedule
  35. [35]

    Kimball KJ, Huh WK. “Cytology versus high-risk HPV testing for follow-up of HPV-positive women without CIN.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2008). PMID: 18267062 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Surveillance Schedule
  36. [36]

    Papadopoulos KP, Johnson ML, Lockhart AC et al.. “First-In-Human Study of Cemiplimab Alone or In Combination with Radiotherapy and/or Low-dose Cyclophosphamide in Patients with Advanced Malignancies.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2020). PMID: 31796520 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  37. [37]

    Kelly RJ, Draper D, Chen CC et al.. “A pharmacodynamic study of docetaxel in combination with the P-glycoprotein antagonist tariquidar (XR9576) in patients with lung, ovarian, and cervical cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2011). PMID: 21081657 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  38. [38]

    Leo C, Horn LC, Rauscher C et al.. “Lack of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 expression and resistance to hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cervical cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2007). PMID: 17317823 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  39. [39]

    Kunos CA, Waggoner S, von Gruenigen V et al.. “Phase I trial of pelvic radiation, weekly cisplatin, and 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-AP, NSC #663249) for locally advanced cervical cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2010). PMID: 20145183 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  40. [40]

    Park JY, Kim DY, Kim JH et al.. “Management of occult invasive cervical cancer found after simple hysterectomy.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2010). PMID: 19858083 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  41. [41]

    Cho Y, Kim KH, Yoon HI et al.. “Tumor-related leukocytosis is associated with poor radiation response and clinical outcome in uterine cervical cancer patients.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2016). PMID: 27502717 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  42. [42]

    Devi BC, Tang TS, Corbex M. “Reducing by half the percentage of late-stage presentation for breast and cervix cancer over 4 years: a pilot study of clinical downstaging in Sarawak, Malaysia.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17434897 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Patient Counselling
  43. [43]

    Hwang JH, Kim H. “Comparison of clinical outcomes between early and delayed diagnosis of cervical cancer following abnormal Pap smear results: a population-based cohort study using National Health Insurance data in South Korea.” Journal of gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 42210769 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  44. [44]

    Ma J, Wang G, Wang W et al.. “Extended-field intensity-modulated radiation therapy and high-dose-rate brachytherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for cervical cancer with positive para-aortic or common iliac lymph nodes: a multicenter prospective cohort study.” Journal of gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 42210768 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  45. [45]

    Monk BJ, Colombo N, Tewari KS et al.. “First-Line Pembrolizumab + Chemotherapy Versus Placebo + Chemotherapy for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: Final Overall Survival Results of KEYNOTE-826.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2023). PMID: 37910822 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  46. [46]

    Cohen CM, Wentzensen N, Castle PE et al.. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Cervical Cancer Incidence, Survival, and Mortality by Histologic Subtype.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2023). PMID: 36455190 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  47. [47]

    Schmid MP, Lindegaard JC, Mahantshetty U et al.. “Risk Factors for Local Failure Following Chemoradiation and Magnetic Resonance Image-Guided Brachytherapy in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer: Results From the EMBRACE-I Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2023). PMID: 36599120 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  48. [48]

    Han K, Zou J, Zhao Z et al.. “Clinical Validation of Human Papilloma Virus Circulating Tumor DNA for Early Detection of Residual Disease After Chemoradiation in Cervical Cancer.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2024). PMID: 37972346 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  49. [49]

    Çaltek NÇ, Yassa M, Bacaksız A et al.. “Preoperative hematological parameters do not predict lesion severity or recurrence in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a retrospective cohort study.” Discover oncology (2026). PMID: 42243395 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  50. [50]

    Lemoupa Makajio SH, Murtas M, Kenfack B et al.. “Interventions involving community health workers and their effect on cervical cancer screening uptake in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.” BMC public health (2026). PMID: 42321728 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Patient Counselling
  51. [51]

    Yang Y, Yu M, Zeng M. “Distant metastasis in patients with cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence rates and common sites.” International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (2026). PMID: 42171512 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  52. [52]

    Cabel L, Bonneau C, Bernard-Tessier A et al.. “HPV ctDNA detection of high-risk HPV types during chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.” ESMO open (2021). PMID: 34022731 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  53. [53]

    Bray F, Parkin DM. “Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020: a review of current estimates of the national burden, data gaps, and future needs.” The Lancet. Oncology (2022). PMID: 35550275 ↗

    L2REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Surveillance Schedule
  54. [54]

    Tu H, Huang H, Li Y et al.. “Sentinel-Lymph-Node Biopsy Alone or with Lymphadenectomy in Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2025). PMID: 41092328 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  55. [55]

    Melamed A, Margul DJ, Chen L et al.. “Survival after Minimally Invasive Radical Hysterectomy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2018). PMID: 30379613 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  56. [56]

    Lei J, Ploner A, Elfström KM et al.. “HPV Vaccination and the Risk of Invasive Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2020). PMID: 32997908 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  57. [57]

    Agustí N, Viveros-Carreño D, Wu CF et al.. “Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy vs Radiotherapy Alone for Patients With Intermediate-Risk Cervical Cancer.” JAMA oncology (2025). PMID: 40079948 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  58. [58]

    Brunson A, Wun T, Abrahão R et al.. “Metastatic Recurrence Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer.” JAMA oncology (2026). PMID: 41296369 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  59. [59]

    Clarke MA, Cheung LC, Castle PE et al.. “Five-Year Risk of Cervical Precancer Following p16/Ki-67 Dual-Stain Triage of HPV-Positive Women.” JAMA oncology (2019). PMID: 30325982 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  60. [60]

    Benard VB, Castle PE, Jenison SA et al.. “Population-Based Incidence Rates of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia in the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Era.” JAMA oncology (2017). PMID: 27685805 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  61. [61]

    Goddard KAB, Feuer EJ, Mandelblatt JS et al.. “Estimation of Cancer Deaths Averted From Prevention, Screening, and Treatment Efforts, 1975-2020.” JAMA oncology (2025). PMID: 39636625 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  62. [62]

    Taksler GB, Peterse EFP, Willems I et al.. “Modeling Strategies to Optimize Cancer Screening in USPSTF Guideline-Noncompliant Women.” JAMA oncology (2021). PMID: 33914025 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  63. [63]

    Friedman CF, Ravichandran V, Miller K et al.. “Assessing the Genomic Landscape of Cervical Cancers: Clinical Opportunities and Therapeutic Targets.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2023). PMID: 37643132 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  64. [64]

    Seo A, Xiao W, Gjyshi O et al.. “Human Papilloma Virus Circulating Cell-Free DNA Kinetics in Patients with Cervical Cancer Undergoing Definitive Chemoradiation.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2025). PMID: 39680029 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  65. [65]

    Kang Z, Stevanović S, Hinrichs CS et al.. “Circulating Cell-free DNA for Metastatic Cervical Cancer Detection, Genotyping, and Monitoring.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2017). PMID: 28899967 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  66. [66]

    Sivars L, Jylhä C, Crona Guterstam Y et al.. “Cell-Free Human Papillomavirus DNA Is a Sensitive Biomarker for Prognosis and for Early Detection of Relapse in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2024). PMID: 38669077 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  67. [67]

    Noordhuis MG, Eijsink JJ, Ten Hoor KA et al.. “Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activated EGFR predict poor response to (chemo)radiation and survival in cervical cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2009). PMID: 19920104 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  68. [68]

    Jeannot E, Latouche A, Bonneau C et al.. “Circulating HPV DNA as a Marker for Early Detection of Relapse in Patients with Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2021). PMID: 34210686 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  69. [69]

    Gakunga R, Mburu L, Ali Z et al.. “Integrated Community-Clinic Model of Optimized Implementation Strategies to Increase Early Detection of Breast and Cervical Cancers in Kenya: Protocol for a Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial.” JMIR research protocols (2026). PMID: 42149806 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  70. [70]

    Wei F, Du Y, Hu H et al.. “Development and internal-external validation of a nomogram for predicting postoperative 30-day malnutrition risk in cervical cancer patients: a retrospective cohort study.” American journal of cancer research (2026). PMID: 42163883 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  71. [71]

    Lencha B, Geda B, Ahmed K et al.. “Follow-up rescreening among women living with HIV who tested positive and treated for cervical pre-cancer lesions in South Ethiopia.” The oncologist (2026). PMID: 42316805 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  72. [72]

    Stalp JL, Schneider JA, Steinkasserer L et al.. “Comparing clinical decision-making between colposcopists and large language models in cervical dysplasia management: a pilot prospective multicenter study.” Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2026). PMID: 42313159 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  73. [73]

    Saini V, Guo Z, Yu J et al.. “Development of a novel, urine-based high-risk human papillomavirus polymerase chain reaction test to predict cervical intraepithelial neoplasia abnormalities associated with cervical cancer.” Microbiology spectrum (2026). PMID: 42307270 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule, Detection of Recurrence
  74. [74]

    Nicolls S, McClymont E, Lee M et al.. “Incidence and Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Infection to Predict Outcomes from HPV-Based Cervical Cancer Screening in Women and People with a Cervix Living with HIV.” Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999) (2026). PMID: 42285107 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  75. [75]

    Chang YC, Chang YY, Wu WT et al.. “Early-Life Exposure to DDT from Indoor Residual Spraying and Adult Risk of Reproductive Cancers: A Nationwide Study with Long-Term Follow-Up in Taiwan.” Cancers (2026). PMID: 42279397 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Surveillance Schedule
  76. [76]

    Abu-Rustum NR, Campos SM, Amarnath S et al.. “Vaginal Cancer, Version 2.2026, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2026). PMID: 41825134 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  77. [77]

    Mayadev J, Vázquez Limón JC, Ramírez Godinez FJ et al.. “Ultrasensitive detection and tracking of circulating tumor DNA to predict relapse and survival in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer: phase III CALLA trial analyses.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2025). PMID: 40500687 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  78. [78]

    Lorusso D, Colombo N, Dubot C et al.. “Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for advanced and recurrent cervical cancer: final analysis according to bevacizumab use in the randomized KEYNOTE-826 study.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2025). PMID: 39393777 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  79. [79]

    . “Reducing uncertainties about the effects of chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 18 randomized trials.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2008). PMID: 19001332 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  80. [80]

    Kitagawa R, Katsumata N, Shibata T et al.. “Paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin Versus Paclitaxel Plus Cisplatin in Metastatic or Recurrent Cervical Cancer: The Open-Label Randomized Phase III Trial JCOG0505.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2015). PMID: 25732161 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence, Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  81. [81]

    Xia L, Zhang K, Tang Y et al.. “Camrelizumab Plus Famitinib versus Camrelizumab Alone and Investigator's Choice of Chemotherapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: A Randomized, Phase II Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2025). PMID: 40561369 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  82. [82]

    Lorusso D, Ferrandina G, Pignata S et al.. “Evaluation of pemetrexed (Alimta, LY231514) as second-line chemotherapy in persistent or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix: the CERVIX 1 study of the MITO (Multicentre Italian Trials in Ovarian Cancer and Gynecologic Malignancies) Group.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2010). PMID: 19605508 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  83. [83]

    Thaker PH, Salani R, Brady WE et al.. “A phase I trial of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and veliparib in the treatment of persistent or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix: an NRG Oncology Study (NCT#01281852).” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2017). PMID: 27998970 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  84. [84]

    Schuurman TN, Schaafsma M, To KH et al.. “Optimising follow-up strategy based on cytology and human papillomavirus after fertility-sparing surgery for early stage cervical cancer: a nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 37952541 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  85. [85]

    Höckel M, Wolf B, Schmidt K et al.. “Surgical resection based on ontogenetic cancer field theory for cervical cancer: mature results from a single-centre, prospective, observational, cohort study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2019). PMID: 31383547 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  86. [86]

    Vergote I, González-Martín A, Fujiwara K et al.. “Tisotumab Vedotin as Second- or Third-Line Therapy for Recurrent Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2024). PMID: 38959480 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  87. [87]

    Tewari KS, Monk BJ, Vergote I et al.. “Survival with Cemiplimab in Recurrent Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2022). PMID: 35139273 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence, Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  88. [88]

    Ramirez PT, Frumovitz M, Pareja R et al.. “Minimally Invasive versus Abdominal Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2018). PMID: 30380365 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  89. [89]

    Tewari KS, Sill MW, Long HJ et al.. “Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2014). PMID: 24552320 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence, Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  90. [90]

    Vergote I, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, O'Cearbhaill RE et al.. “Tisotumab Vedotin in Combination With Carboplatin, Pembrolizumab, or Bevacizumab in Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: Results From the innovaTV 205/GOG-3024/ENGOT-cx8 Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2023). PMID: 37651655 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  91. [91]

    Birrer M, Li G, Yunokawa M et al.. “Bintrafusp Alfa for Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer After Platinum Failure: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.” JAMA oncology (2024). PMID: 39052242 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  92. [92]

    Frumovitz M, Obermair A, Coleman RL et al.. “Quality of life in patients with cervical cancer after open versus minimally invasive radical hysterectomy (LACC): a secondary outcome of a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2020). PMID: 32502445 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence, Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  93. [93]

    Penson RT, Huang HQ, Wenzel LB et al.. “Bevacizumab for advanced cervical cancer: patient-reported outcomes of a randomised, phase 3 trial (NRG Oncology-Gynecologic Oncology Group protocol 240).” The Lancet. Oncology (2015). PMID: 25638326 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence, Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  94. [94]

    Youn JW, Hur SY, Woo JW et al.. “Pembrolizumab plus GX-188E therapeutic DNA vaccine in patients with HPV-16-positive or HPV-18-positive advanced cervical cancer: interim results of a single-arm, phase 2 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2020). PMID: 33271094 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  95. [95]

    Moore DH. “Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent, and metastatic cervical cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2008). PMID: 18267059 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  96. [96]

    Dyer BA, Zamarin D, Eskandar RN et al.. “Role of Immunotherapy in the Management of Locally Advanced and Recurrent/Metastatic Cervical Cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2019). PMID: 30659133 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  97. [97]

    Pennington KP, Urban RR, Gray HJ. “Revisiting Minimally Invasive Surgery in the Management of Early-Stage Cervical Cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2019). PMID: 30659132 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  98. [98]

    Hong DS, Concin N, Vergote I et al.. “Tisotumab Vedotin in Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2020). PMID: 31796521 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  99. [99]

    Oaknin A, Ghamande SA, Kasamatsu Y et al.. “Phase I Trial of First-line Bintrafusp Alfa in Patients with Locally Advanced or Persistent/Recurrent/Metastatic Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2024). PMID: 38165683 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  100. [100]

    Tewari KS. “Immune Checkpoint Blockade in PD-L1-Positive Platinum-Refractory Cervical Carcinoma.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2019). PMID: 31026210 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  101. [101]

    Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang C et al.. “Efficacy and safety of first-line therapies for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer: a systematic review and exploratory network meta-analysis of immunotherapy.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 42079658 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  102. [102]

    Dange HB, Kana IY, Suleiman HC et al.. “Cultural and traditional influences on cervical cancer screening uptake in Nigeria and other West African countries.” BMC public health (2026). PMID: 42015031 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  103. [103]

    Sankaranarayanan R, Boffetta P. “Research on cancer prevention, detection and management in low- and medium-income countries.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2010). PMID: 20231304 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  104. [104]

    Ngoma T. “World Health Organization cancer priorities in developing countries.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2006). PMID: 16801342 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  105. [105]

    Hao F, Cheng X, He J et al.. “A bibliometric analysis and visualization of trends in cervical cancer screening technologies based on dual-database analysis.” Frontiers in oncology (2026). PMID: 42294304 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  106. [106]

    Uppal S, Gehrig PA, Peng K et al.. “Recurrence Rates in Patients With Cervical Cancer Treated With Abdominal Versus Minimally Invasive Radical Hysterectomy: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Review Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2020). PMID: 32031867 ↗

    L2REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  107. [107]

    Rose PG, Java J, Whitney CW et al.. “Nomograms Predicting Progression-Free Survival, Overall Survival, and Pelvic Recurrence in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer Developed From an Analysis of Identifiable Prognostic Factors in Patients From NRG Oncology/Gynecologic Oncology Group Randomized Trials of Chemoradiotherapy.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2015). PMID: 25732170 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  108. [108]

    Ogasawara A, Suzuki S, Oda K et al.. “Phase II study of pembrolizumab plus olaparib in recurrent cervical cancer progressing after platinum-based chemotherapy (GOTIC-025).” Gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 42013608 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  109. [109]

    Van Nieuwenhuysen E, Vergote I, Randall LM et al.. “Tisotumab vedotin plus carboplatin or pembrolizumab in recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer: 5-year results from the innovaTV 205/ENGOT-cx8/GOG-3024 study.” Gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 42000372 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  110. [110]

    Pectasides D, Kamposioras K, Papaxoinis G et al.. “Chemotherapy for recurrent cervical cancer.” Cancer treatment reviews (2008). PMID: 18657909 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  111. [111]

    Mountzios G, Soultati A, Pectasides D et al.. “Developments in the systemic treatment of metastatic cervical cancer.” Cancer treatment reviews (2013). PMID: 22727690 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  112. [112]

    Monk BJ, Enomoto T, Kast WM et al.. “Integration of immunotherapy into treatment of cervical cancer: Recent data and ongoing trials.” Cancer treatment reviews (2022). PMID: 35413489 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  113. [113]

    Tolcher A, Hamilton E, Coleman RL. “The evolving landscape of antibody-drug conjugates in gynecologic cancers.” Cancer treatment reviews (2023). PMID: 37023499 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  114. [114]

    Gennigens C, Jerusalem G, Lapaille L et al.. “Recurrent or primary metastatic cervical cancer: current and future treatments.” ESMO open (2022). PMID: 36108558 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  115. [115]

    Elit L, Haruyama R, Gatti A et al.. “Examining policy cohesion for cervical cancer worldwide: analysis of WHO country reports.” ESMO open (2020). PMID: 33310778 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  116. [116]

    Ryzhov A, Corbex M, Piñeros M et al.. “Comparison of breast cancer and cervical cancer stage distributions in ten newly independent states of the former Soviet Union: a population-based study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2021). PMID: 33556324 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  117. [117]

    da Rocha KC, Castanha EB, Elias MEM et al.. “Human papillomavirus-based vs. cytology for cervical cancer screening: a systematic review with meta-analysis.” Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia (2026). PMID: 41988240 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  118. [118]

    Lheureux S, Butler MO, Clarke B et al.. “Association of Ipilimumab With Safety and Antitumor Activity in Women With Metastatic or Recurrent Human Papillomavirus-Related Cervical Carcinoma.” JAMA oncology (2018). PMID: 29145543 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  119. [119]

    Liu Y, Hu Y, Wang H et al.. “Clinicopathological and Prognostic Characteristics of Gastric-Type Endocervical Adenocarcinoma: A Nested Case-Control Study.” Cancers (2026). PMID: 41976390 ↗

    L3CASE_CONTROLCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  120. [120]

    Miller KM, Friedman CF. “Bifunctional Blockade: A Novel Immunotherapy Approach for Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2022). PMID: 35947045 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  121. [121]

    Da Silva DM, Enserro DM, Mayadev JS et al.. “Immune Activation in Patients with Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer Treated with Ipilimumab Following Definitive Chemoradiation (GOG-9929).” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2020). PMID: 32816895 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  122. [122]

    Baudin L, Zanella L, Lebeau A et al.. “Nonmetastatic Para-aortic Lymph Node Remodeling as a Predictor of Outcome in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2026). PMID: 41779008 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  123. [123]

    Tewari KS, Monk BJ. “New strategies in advanced cervical cancer: from angiogenesis blockade to immunotherapy.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2014). PMID: 25104084 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Detection of Recurrence
  124. [124]

    He P, Wang Y, Xie N et al.. “Diagnostic Accuracy and Concordance of Self-Collected Cervical CDO1 and CELF4 Methylation Testing Compared With Physician Sampling for Endometrial Cancer Detection.” JCO precision oncology (2026). PMID: 42314091 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Detection of Recurrence
  125. [125]

    Ryu SY, Deng W, Albuquerque K et al.. “Randomized phase III trial of adjuvant radiation versus chemoradiation in intermediate-risk, early-stage cervical cancer following radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy: results from NRG Oncology/GOG-263/KGOG 1008.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2025). PMID: 40947016 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  126. [126]

    Ferguson SE, Brotto LA, Kwon J et al.. “Sexual Health and Quality of Life in Patients With Low-Risk Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: Results From GCIG/CCTG CX.5/SHAPE Trial Comparing Simple Versus Radical Hysterectomy.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2025). PMID: 39353164 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  127. [127]

    Wenzel L, Osann K, Hsieh S et al.. “Psychosocial telephone counseling for survivors of cervical cancer: results of a randomized biobehavioral trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2015). PMID: 25713429 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship, Patient Counselling
  128. [128]

    Chopra S, Gupta S, Kannan S et al.. “Late Toxicity After Adjuvant Conventional Radiation Versus Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer (PARCER): A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2021). PMID: 34506246 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  129. [129]

    Ramondetta L. “What is the appropriate approach to treating women with incurable cervical cancer?” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2013). PMID: 23486459 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  130. [130]

    Ryu SY, Nam BH, Kim MH et al.. “A randomized phase III clinical trial of weekly versus tri-weekly cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: results of the TACO (GCIG/KGOG 1027/THAI 2012) study.” ESMO open (2026). PMID: 41812622 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  131. [131]

    Bright CJ, Reulen RC, Winter DL et al.. “Risk of subsequent primary neoplasms in survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer (Teenage and Young Adult Cancer Survivor Study): a population-based, cohort study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2019). PMID: 30797674 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  132. [132]

    Sunguc C, Winter DL, Heymer EJ et al.. “Risks of adverse obstetric outcomes among female survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer in England (TYACSS): a population-based, retrospective cohort study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2024). PMID: 38944050 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  133. [133]

    Batur P, Brant A, McCourt C et al.. “Society of Family Planning Clinical Recommendation: Contraceptive considerations for individuals with cancer and cancer survivors part 3 - Skin, blood, gastrointestinal, liver, lung, central nervous system, and other cancers: Joint with the Society of Gynecologic Oncology.” Contraception (2025). PMID: 40328522 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  134. [134]

    Batur P, Brant A, McCourt C et al.. “Society of Family Planning Committee Statement: Contraceptive considerations for individuals with cancer and cancer survivors part 1 - Key considerations for clinical care Joint with the Society of Gynecologic Oncology.” Contraception (2025). PMID: 40210504 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship, Patient Counselling
  135. [135]

    Batur P, Brant A, McCourt C et al.. “Society of Family Planning Clinical Recommendation: Contraceptive considerations for individuals with cancer and cancer survivors part 2 - Breast, ovarian, uterine, and cervical cancer: Joint with the Society of Gynecologic Oncology.” Contraception (2025). PMID: 40190008 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  136. [136]

    Nelson EL, Wenzel LB, Osann K et al.. “Stress, immunity, and cervical cancer: biobehavioral outcomes of a randomized clinical trial [corrected].” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2008). PMID: 18381952 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship, Patient Counselling
  137. [137]

    George GC, Andersen C, Tang X et al.. “Patient-Reported Quality of Life at Diagnosis in Adolescent and Young Adults With Cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2024). PMID: 38996438 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  138. [138]

    Hathout L, Zhang Y, Lymberis S et al.. “A Systematic Review of Patient-Reported Outcomes on the Impact of Radiation Therapy on Sexual Health in Patients With Gynecologic Cancer.” International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics (2026). PMID: 41720168 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship, Patient Counselling
  139. [139]

    Umemiya M, Kou K, Inayama Y et al.. “Comparison of nedaplatin and cisplatin in concurrent chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” International journal of clinical oncology (2026). PMID: 41612081 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  140. [140]

    Wang R, Liu B, Wei SW et al.. “Meta-analysis of factors influencing depression in cervical cancer patients.” Frontiers in public health (2025). PMID: 41256286 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  141. [141]

    Chalif J, Morton M, Haight P et al.. “Assessment of probiotic and prebiotic use in gynecologic cancer patients: a systematic review.” American journal of obstetrics and gynecology (2026). PMID: 41072704 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  142. [142]

    Chona EZ, Gosse RA, Msengi EA et al.. “Life Experiences of Women Diagnosed With Cervical Cancer in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies.” Psycho-oncology (2025). PMID: 40930811 ↗

    L4SR_OBSCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  143. [143]

    Liu X, Vidrine DJ, Sutton SK et al.. “Cost-Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Among Survivors of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia or Cervical Cancer.” JAMA network open (2026). PMID: 41817524 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  144. [144]

    Vermaas EM, Wenzel HHB, van der Aa MA et al.. “Impact of COVID-19 on oncological outcomes during follow-up in gynaecological cancer: A nationwide retrospective cohort study.” Gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 41564614 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  145. [145]

    Pingault O, Moskal A, Bouvard C et al.. “Gynaecological follow-up of adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: a comparative cohort study.” BMJ open (2025). PMID: 41475832 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  146. [146]

    Chase DM, Huang HQ, Deng W et al.. “Patient-reported outcomes of a randomized phase III clinical trial of adjuvant radiation versus chemoradiation in intermediate risk, stage I/IIA cervical cancer patients treated with initial radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (NRG/GOG-0263).” Gynecologic oncology (2025). PMID: 41056581 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  147. [147]

    Duan S, Su Y, Niu Q et al.. “Construction and implementation of a nursing intervention program based on supportive care theory for cervical cancer patients receiving postoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy.” Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (2025). PMID: 40935918 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  148. [148]

    Jones KF, Osazuwa-Peters OL, Des Marais A et al.. “Substance Use Disorders Among US Adult Cancer Survivors.” JAMA oncology (2024). PMID: 38206609 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Late Toxicity and Survivorship
  149. [149]

    Marucci da Silva GF, Pilger TL, Candido Dos Reis FJ. “Incidence of urologic co-morbidities after abdominal radical hysterectomy: a systematic review of clinical trials.” International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (2026). PMID: 41259843 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Patient Counselling
  150. [150]

    Treasure ML, Nourbakhsh PS, Diaz Roldan K et al.. “Preventive Health Services in Reproductive-Aged Women with Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review.” Journal of general internal medicine (2026). PMID: 41926034 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Patient Counselling
  151. [151]

    Huang WL, Lin IM, Huang WT et al.. “Effects of a telephone intervention on breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening: A meta-analysis.” Preventive medicine reports (2026). PMID: 41550473 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Patient Counselling
  152. [152]

    Mengistie BA, Yirsaw AN, Lakew G et al.. “Human papillomavirus vaccine uptake and its determinants among women in Africa: an umbrella review.” Frontiers in public health (2025). PMID: 40538696 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Patient Counselling
  153. [153]

    Maleki A, Ahadinezhad B, Alizadeh A et al.. “Barriers and facilitators of pap-smear test uptake in Asia: a systematic review.” BMC public health (2025). PMID: 40426094 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Patient Counselling
  154. [154]

    Sabatino SA, Coates RJ, Uhler RJ et al.. “Provider counseling about health behaviors among cancer survivors in the United States.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17513816 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Patient Counselling
  155. [155]

    Lai CH, Chang CJ, Huang HJ et al.. “Role of human papillomavirus genotype in prognosis of early-stage cervical cancer undergoing primary surgery.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17704412 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Patient Counselling

Revision History

All updates applied to this page

Loading revisions…