Skip to main content
WoMWeb of Medicine
SearchGraphHistory
Gynecologic Oncology›Condition·Updated Jun 21, 2026·v1

Cervical Cancer Surgical Management

Surgical management of cervical cancer is increasingly personalized, utilizing open abdominal radical hysterectomy for larger early-stage tumors and de-escalated simple hysterectomy for low-risk lesions. Pathologic risk factors (Sedlis and Peters criteria) determine the need for adjuvant therapy, with cisplatin-based chemoradiation providing a significant survival benefit for high-risk patients.

High Evidence237 references·4,505 words·19 min read·v1
gynecologic_oncologycervical_cancerradical_hysterectomyfertility_sparingsentinel_node

Quick Reference

RxDrug of choiceCisplatin (40 mg/m² weekly) for adjuvant chemoradiation
AltAlternativesCarboplatin (if cisplatin-ineligible), Pembrolizumab (for recurrent/persistent disease)
⊘AvoidMinimally invasive surgery for radical hysterectomy (tumors >2 cm)
DxTest of choicePelvic MRI (for local staging) and SLN mapping with ICG
ScKey scoreFIGO Staging (2018), Sedlis Criteria (intermediate risk), Peters Criteria (high risk)
→When to referRefer to Gynecologic Oncology for any biopsy-confirmed cervical malignancy or suspicious cervical mass
Open abdominal radical hysterectomy is the gold standard for tumors >2 cm; simple hysterectomy is safe for low-risk tumors ≤2 cm; cisplatin-based CCRT is mandatory for high-risk pathologic features.
Surgical management of cervical cancer has undergone a significant paradigm shift, moving toward a 'less is more' approach for low-risk disease while strictly mandating open abdominal access for radical procedures. For early-stage disease (FIGO IA1 to IB2), the choice of surgery is dictated by tumor size, depth of stromal invasion, and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI). The landmark LACC trial fundamentally altered the standard of care by demonstrating that minimally invasive surgery (MIS) results in significantly higher recurrence rates and lower overall survival compared to open abdominal radical hysterectomy for tumors >2 cm. Conversely, the SHAPE trial has validated the safety of de-escalating to simple hysterectomy for low-risk tumors ≤2 cm. Fertility-sparing options, such as radical trachelectomy, remain a viable standard for young patients, provided nodal status is negative. Adjuvant therapy with cisplatin-based chemoradiation is reserved for those with high-risk pathologic features (Peters criteria) to optimize survival while minimizing the morbidity of triple-modality treatment.

Overview and Recommendations

Background

  • •Cervical cancer surgical management is strictly governed by the , which integrates clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings to determine the feasibility of curative-intent resection.
  • •The LACC trial (2018) established a critical paradigm shift, proving that minimally invasive surgery (MIS)—including laparoscopic and robotic approaches—carries a fourfold higher risk of disease progression (NNH = 17) compared to open abdominal radical hysterectomy.
  • •De-escalation of surgical radicality is the modern standard for low-risk disease (Stage IA1-IB1, tumors ≤2 cm), supported by the SHAPE trial (2024) which showed that simple is non-inferior to radical hysterectomy regarding 3-year pelvic recurrence rates (2.52% vs 2.17%).
  • •Prognostic stakes are defined by nodal status and the 'triple modality' trap; primary chemoradiation is preferred for locally advanced disease (Stage IB3+) to avoid the extreme morbidity associated with combining radical surgery and postoperative radiation.
  • •The Querleu-Morrow classification has replaced older systems to standardize the lateral extent of paracervical resection and emphasize nerve-sparing techniques that preserve bladder and bowel function.

Evaluation

  • •Suspect cervical cancer in any patient presenting with postcoital bleeding, persistent malodorous vaginal discharge, or a visible exophytic or endophytic cervical lesion on speculum examination.
  • •Perform a comprehensive pelvic and rectovaginal examination to clinically assess for parametrial involvement; fixed or thickened parametria (Stage IIB) generally precludes primary surgical management in favor of chemoradiation.
  • •Order a pelvic as the gold-standard imaging modality to measure the maximum tumor diameter, depth of stromal invasion, and the distance between the tumor's upper margin and the internal os.
  • •Utilize (SLN) with (ICG) for FIGO stages IA1 (with LVSI) through IB2; ICG visualized with near-infrared imaging is superior to blue dye, achieving a 97% detection rate.
  • •Confirm negative nodal status via intraoperative frozen section or definitive pathology before proceeding with radical resection; the presence of macrometastases or micrometastases (>0.2 mm) mandates abandoning surgery for definitive chemoradiation.
  • •Evaluate for (LVSI) on the initial cone biopsy or LEEP specimen, as its presence is a primary driver for recommending lymph node assessment and increased surgical radicality.
  • •Assess the distance to the internal os on MRI for patients desiring fertility preservation; a minimum 1 cm tumor-free margin is typically required to safely perform a .
  • •Screen for distant metastatic disease using PET/CT in patients with Stage IB3 or higher, or in those with suspicious pelvic lymphadenopathy identified on initial MRI.
  • •Review the histology for aggressive variants, such as small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, which are typically excluded from standard surgical protocols due to their high risk of early systemic spread.

Management

  • •Perform a cold knife cone biopsy or simple for Stage IA1 disease without LVSI, as the risk of nodal metastasis in this cohort is negligible (<1%).
  • •Execute a simple hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node assessment for low-risk Stage IA2 or IB1 lesions ≤2 cm and <50% stromal invasion, following the SHAPE trial's evidence for reduced urogenital morbidity.
  • •Mandate an open abdominal approach for all radical hysterectomies (Type B or C) for tumors >2 cm; the use of minimally invasive surgery in this setting is associated with a 6-fold higher risk of death.
  • •Utilize Type C1 nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy to preserve the hypogastric and pelvic splanchnic nerves, which significantly reduces the incidence of postoperative urinary retention (POUR).
  • •Offer radical trachelectomy (removal of the cervix and parametria with preservation of the uterine corpus) to patients desiring fertility preservation who have tumors ≤2 cm and negative nodes.
  • •Place a permanent cervical cerclage at the time of trachelectomy to support future pregnancies and mitigate the 2.48-fold increased risk of second-trimester miscarriage.
  • •Initiate adjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for patients meeting 'Peters Criteria': positive pelvic lymph nodes, positive surgical margins, or microscopic parametrial involvement.
  • •Administer weekly 40 mg/m² (up to a maximum of 70 mg) during radiation for high-risk disease to achieve a 6% absolute improvement in 5-year survival (NNT = 17).
  • •Provide adjuvant radiation alone for intermediate-risk patients meeting 'Sedlis Criteria' (e.g., LVSI positive with deep 1/3 stromal invasion), which reduces the risk of recurrence from 28% to 15%.
  • •Administer 40 mg SC daily initiated 2–12 hours preoperatively and continued for 28 days post-discharge for VTE prophylaxis in high-risk radical surgery cases.
  • •Implement multimodal analgesia including scheduled 1000 mg IV every 6 hours and 15–30 mg IV every 6 hours for the first 48 hours to facilitate early recovery.
  • •Monitor for postoperatively, particularly if a minimally invasive approach was utilized (OR 2.4), and maintain a high index of suspicion for watery vaginal discharge.
  • •Follow (ERAS) protocols, including early mobilization within 24 hours and prompt removal of the Foley catheter (within 48–72 hours) in nerve-sparing cases.

Board Review — High Yield

  • •LACC Trial — Demonstrated that minimally invasive radical hysterectomy has inferior oncologic outcomes (higher recurrence/death) compared to open surgery.
  • •SHAPE Trial — Established that simple hysterectomy is non-inferior to radical hysterectomy for low-risk tumors ≤2 cm.
  • •Peters Criteria — Positive nodes, margins, or parametria; mandates adjuvant chemoradiation with cisplatin.
  • •Sedlis Criteria — Combination of tumor size, stromal invasion depth, and LVSI; triggers adjuvant radiation alone.
  • •Indocyanine Green (ICG) — Preferred tracer for SLN mapping; superior detection rate (97%) over blue dye.
  • •Querleu-Morrow Type C1 — Nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy designed to prevent bladder dysfunction.
  • •Trachelectomy Margin — A minimum of 1 cm distance from the tumor to the internal os is required for fertility-sparing surgery.
  • •Ureteral Tunnel — The most common site of ureteral injury during radical hysterectomy, where the ureter passes under the uterine artery.

Deep Dive — Evidence Details

References

  1. [1]

    Koh WJ, Abu-Rustum NR, Bean S et al.. “Cervical Cancer, Version 3.2019, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2019). PMID: 30659131 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Indications by Stage, Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  2. [2]

    Koh WJ, Greer BE, Abu-Rustum NR et al.. “Cervical cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2013). PMID: 23486458 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Indications by Stage
  3. [3]

    Reid E, Suneja G, Ambinder RF et al.. “Cancer in People Living With HIV, Version 1.2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2018). PMID: 30099375 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Indications by Stage, Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  4. [4]

    Chang HA, Armenian SH, Dellinger TH. “Secondary Neoplasms of the Female Lower Genital Tract After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2018). PMID: 29439180 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage
  5. [5]

    Morice P, Scambia G, Abu-Rustum NR et al.. “Fertility-sparing treatment and follow-up in patients with cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and borderline ovarian tumours: guidelines from ESGO, ESHRE, and ESGE.” The Lancet. Oncology (2024). PMID: 39216500 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Indications by Stage, Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  6. [6]

    Ryu SY, Deng W, Albuquerque K et al.. “Randomized phase III trial of adjuvant radiation versus chemoradiation in intermediate-risk, early-stage cervical cancer following radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy: results from NRG Oncology/GOG-263/KGOG 1008.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2025). PMID: 40947016 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  7. [7]

    Lissoni AA, Colombo N, Pellegrino A et al.. “A phase II, randomized trial of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy comparing a three-drug combination of paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (TIP) versus paclitaxel and cisplatin (TP) followed by radical surgery in patients with locally advanced squamous cell cervical carcinoma: the Snap-02 Italian Collaborative Study.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2009). PMID: 19181826 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  8. [8]

    Cetina L, González-Enciso A, Cantú D et al.. “Brachytherapy versus radical hysterectomy after external beam chemoradiation with gemcitabine plus cisplatin: a randomized, phase III study in IB2-IIB cervical cancer patients.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2013). PMID: 23609186 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage
  9. [9]

    Ramirez PT, Robledo KP, Frumovitz M et al.. “LACC Trial: Final Analysis on Overall Survival Comparing Open Versus Minimally Invasive Radical Hysterectomy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2024). PMID: 38810208 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  10. [10]

    Gupta S, Maheshwari A, Parab P et al.. “Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Radical Surgery Versus Concomitant Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Patients With Stage IB2, IIA, or IIB Squamous Cervical Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2018). PMID: 29432076 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  11. [11]

    Ferguson SE, Brotto LA, Kwon J et al.. “Sexual Health and Quality of Life in Patients With Low-Risk Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: Results From GCIG/CCTG CX.5/SHAPE Trial Comparing Simple Versus Radical Hysterectomy.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2025). PMID: 39353164 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage
  12. [12]

    Chopra S, Gupta S, Kannan S et al.. “Late Toxicity After Adjuvant Conventional Radiation Versus Image-Guided Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer (PARCER): A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2021). PMID: 34506246 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  13. [13]

    Blohmer JU, Paepke S, Sehouli J et al.. “Randomized phase III trial of sequential adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with or without erythropoietin Alfa in patients with high-risk cervical cancer: results of the NOGGO-AGO intergroup study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2011). PMID: 21860000 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  14. [14]

    Marchetti C, Fagotti A, Tombolini V et al.. “Survival and toxicity in neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus surgery versus definitive chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Cancer treatment reviews (2020). PMID: 31838220 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage
  15. [15]

    Arbyn M, Simon M, de Sanjosé S et al.. “Accuracy and effectiveness of HPV mRNA testing in cervical cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” The Lancet. Oncology (2022). PMID: 35709810 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage
  16. [16]

    Athanasiou A, Veroniki AA, Efthimiou O et al.. “Comparative effectiveness and risk of preterm birth of local treatments for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and stage IA1 cervical cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.” The Lancet. Oncology (2022). PMID: 35835138 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage
  17. [17]

    Bentivegna E, Gouy S, Maulard A et al.. “Oncological outcomes after fertility-sparing surgery for cervical cancer: a systematic review.” The Lancet. Oncology (2016). PMID: 27299280 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Fertility-Sparing Surgery, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Intraoperative Considerations and Complications, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  18. [18]

    Plante M, Kwon JS, Ferguson S et al.. “Simple versus Radical Hysterectomy in Women with Low-Risk Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2024). PMID: 38416430 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  19. [19]

    Palefsky JM, Lee JY, Jay N et al.. “Treatment of Anal High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions to Prevent Anal Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2022). PMID: 35704479 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage
  20. [20]

    Ramirez PT, Frumovitz M, Pareja R et al.. “Minimally Invasive versus Abdominal Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2018). PMID: 30380365 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  21. [21]

    Naucler P, Ryd W, Törnberg S et al.. “Human papillomavirus and Papanicolaou tests to screen for cervical cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2007). PMID: 17942872 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage
  22. [22]

    Sankaranarayanan R, Nene BM, Shastri SS et al.. “HPV screening for cervical cancer in rural India.” The New England journal of medicine (2009). PMID: 19339719 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage
  23. [23]

    Altgassen C, Hertel H, Brandstädt A et al.. “Multicenter validation study of the sentinel lymph node concept in cervical cancer: AGO Study Group.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2008). PMID: 18565880 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Indications by Stage, Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  24. [24]

    Nitecki R, Ramirez PT, Frumovitz M et al.. “Survival After Minimally Invasive vs Open Radical Hysterectomy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” JAMA oncology (2020). PMID: 32525511 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques
  25. [25]

    Nam JH, Park JY, Kim DY et al.. “Laparoscopic versus open radical hysterectomy in early-stage cervical cancer: long-term survival outcomes in a matched cohort study.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2012). PMID: 21841155 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  26. [26]

    Huang H, Feng YL, Wan T et al.. “Effectiveness of Sequential Chemoradiation vs Concurrent Chemoradiation or Radiation Alone in Adjuvant Treatment After Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer: The STARS Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.” JAMA oncology (2021). PMID: 33443541 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  27. [27]

    Cho WK, Park W, Kim SW et al.. “Postoperative Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy With Concurrent Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer: The POHIM-CCRT Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.” JAMA oncology (2024). PMID: 38662364 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Indications by Stage
  28. [28]

    Zhang J, Zhao Y, Dai Y et al.. “Effectiveness of High-risk Human Papillomavirus Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening in China: A Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized Clinical Trial.” JAMA oncology (2021). PMID: 33377903 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Indications by Stage
  29. [29]

    Arbyn M, Verdoodt F, Snijders PJ et al.. “Accuracy of human papillomavirus testing on self-collected versus clinician-collected samples: a meta-analysis.” The Lancet. Oncology (2014). PMID: 24433684 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage
  30. [30]

    Vosooney A, Witkop CT, Cantor AG et al.. “Screening for Cervical Cancer: A Recommendation From the Women's Preventive Services Initiative.” Obstetrics and gynecology (2026). PMID: 42024880 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Indications by Stage
  31. [31]

    . “Screening for Cervical Cancer.” Obstetrics and gynecology (2026). PMID: 42024877 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Indications by Stage
  32. [32]

    Höckel M, Wolf B, Schmidt K et al.. “Surgical resection based on ontogenetic cancer field theory for cervical cancer: mature results from a single-centre, prospective, observational, cohort study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2019). PMID: 31383547 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Intraoperative Considerations and Complications, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  33. [33]

    Kyrgiou M, Mitra A, Paraskevaidis E. “Fertility and Early Pregnancy Outcomes Following Conservative Treatment for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Early Cervical Cancer.” JAMA oncology (2016). PMID: 27356074 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage, Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  34. [34]

    Koh WJ, Greer BE, Abu-Rustum NR et al.. “Cervical Cancer, Version 2.2015.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2015). PMID: 25870376 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  35. [35]

    Pennington KP, Urban RR, Gray HJ. “Revisiting Minimally Invasive Surgery in the Management of Early-Stage Cervical Cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2019). PMID: 30659132 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  36. [36]

    Gray HJ. “Primary management of early stage cervical cancer (IA1-IB) and appropriate selection of adjuvant therapy.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2008). PMID: 18267058 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Fertility-Sparing Surgery, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  37. [37]

    Abu-Rustum NR, Sonoda Y. “Fertility-sparing surgery in early-stage cervical cancer: indications and applications.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2010). PMID: 21147906 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Fertility-Sparing Surgery, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  38. [38]

    Abdel-Rahman O. “Patterns and Trends of Cancer Screening in Canada: Results From a Contemporary National Survey.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2021). PMID: 33406489 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  39. [39]

    Kimball KJ, Huh WK. “Cytology versus high-risk HPV testing for follow-up of HPV-positive women without CIN.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2008). PMID: 18267062 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage
  40. [40]

    Sidonie M, Elisabete G. “Oncologic, pregnancy, and reproductive outcomes of fertility-sparing surgery in early-stage cervical cancer: a systematic review.” Surgical oncology (2026). PMID: 42114502 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage, Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  41. [41]

    Yokoi A, Machida H, Okazawa-Sakai M et al.. “Optimal adjuvant strategy in intermediate-risk cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” International journal of clinical oncology (2026). PMID: 42012622 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  42. [42]

    Lim JH, Yeap LL, Saw PS et al.. “Determinants of cervical cancer screening in Southeast Asia: A systematic review using the COM-B model and the theoretical domains framework.” Preventive medicine (2026). PMID: 41887293 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage
  43. [43]

    Verleye L, Vergote I, Reed N et al.. “Quality assurance for radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer: the view of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer--Gynecological Cancer Group (EORTC-GCG).” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2009). PMID: 19556323 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  44. [44]

    Park JY, Kim DY, Kim JH et al.. “Management of occult invasive cervical cancer found after simple hysterectomy.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2010). PMID: 19858083 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Intraoperative Considerations and Complications, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  45. [45]

    Shibata K, Kajiyama H, Ino K et al.. “Twist expression in patients with cervical cancer is associated with poor disease outcome.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2008). PMID: 17925286 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  46. [46]

    Coutant C, Barranger E, Cortez A et al.. “Frequency and prognostic significance of HPV DNA in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with cervical cancer.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17761707 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  47. [47]

    Park JY, Kim DY, Kim JH et al.. “Outcomes after radical hysterectomy according to tumor size divided by 2-cm interval in patients with early cervical cancer.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2011). PMID: 20595451 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  48. [48]

    Devi BC, Tang TS, Corbex M. “Reducing by half the percentage of late-stage presentation for breast and cervix cancer over 4 years: a pilot study of clinical downstaging in Sarawak, Malaysia.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17434897 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  49. [49]

    Wentzensen N, Walker JL, Gold MA et al.. “Multiple biopsies and detection of cervical cancer precursors at colposcopy.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2015). PMID: 25422481 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  50. [50]

    Lai CH, Chang CJ, Huang HJ et al.. “Role of human papillomavirus genotype in prognosis of early-stage cervical cancer undergoing primary surgery.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17704412 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  51. [51]

    Castle PE, Glass AG, Rush BB et al.. “Clinical human papillomavirus detection forecasts cervical cancer risk in women over 18 years of follow-up.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2012). PMID: 22851570 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  52. [52]

    Woo PP, Kim JJ, Leung GM. “What is the most cost-effective population-based cancer screening program for Chinese women?” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17308266 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  53. [53]

    Kidd EA, Siegel BA, Dehdashti F et al.. “Lymph node staging by positron emission tomography in cervical cancer: relationship to prognosis.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2010). PMID: 20308664 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  54. [54]

    Uppal S, Gehrig PA, Peng K et al.. “Recurrence Rates in Patients With Cervical Cancer Treated With Abdominal Versus Minimally Invasive Radical Hysterectomy: A Multi-Institutional Retrospective Review Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2020). PMID: 32031867 ↗

    L3REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Fertility-Sparing Surgery, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  55. [55]

    Wenzel HHB, Olthof EP, Bekkers RLM et al.. “Primary or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer with intraoperative lymph node metastasis - A review.” Cancer treatment reviews (2022). PMID: 34773774 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  56. [56]

    Querleu D, Morrow CP. “Classification of radical hysterectomy.” The Lancet. Oncology (2008). PMID: 18308255 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques
  57. [57]

    Rob L, Halaska M, Robova H. “Nerve-sparing and individually tailored surgery for cervical cancer.” The Lancet. Oncology (2010). PMID: 20202614 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage
  58. [58]

    Rob L, Skapa P, Robova H. “Fertility-sparing surgery in patients with cervical cancer.” The Lancet. Oncology (2011). PMID: 20619737 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Fertility-Sparing Surgery, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  59. [59]

    Gouy S, Morice P, Narducci F et al.. “Nodal-staging surgery for locally advanced cervical cancer in the era of PET.” The Lancet. Oncology (2012). PMID: 22554549 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques
  60. [60]

    Barbera L, Thomas G. “Venous thromboembolism in cervical cancer.” The Lancet. Oncology (2008). PMID: 18177817 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage, Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  61. [61]

    Ekeroma A, Dyer R, Palafox N et al.. “Cancer management in the Pacific region: a report on innovation and good practice.” The Lancet. Oncology (2019). PMID: 31395474 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Indications by Stage
  62. [62]

    Tu H, Huang H, Li Y et al.. “Sentinel-Lymph-Node Biopsy Alone or with Lymphadenectomy in Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2025). PMID: 41092328 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Intraoperative Considerations and Complications, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  63. [63]

    Melamed A, Margul DJ, Chen L et al.. “Survival after Minimally Invasive Radical Hysterectomy for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2018). PMID: 30379613 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  64. [64]

    da Rocha KC, Castanha EB, Elias MEM et al.. “Human papillomavirus-based vs. cytology for cervical cancer screening: a systematic review with meta-analysis.” Revista brasileira de ginecologia e obstetricia : revista da Federacao Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetricia (2026). PMID: 41988240 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage
  65. [65]

    Kim JH, Hwang WY, Choi CH et al.. “Oncologic outcomes and the impact of minimally invasive surgery in early-stage cervical cancer patients undergoing radical trachelectomy: A retrospective multicenter cohort study from the Korean Gynecologic Oncology Group Study (KGOG 1048).” Gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 42013607 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  66. [66]

    Huang CB, Liao GD, Zhang SK et al.. “Risk of 3-Year Cytological Progression by Baseline HPV Status Among Women With Normal Cytology: A Multicenter Cohort Study.” Cancer medicine (2026). PMID: 42011062 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Indications by Stage
  67. [67]

    Clarke MA, Cheung LC, Castle PE et al.. “Five-Year Risk of Cervical Precancer Following p16/Ki-67 Dual-Stain Triage of HPV-Positive Women.” JAMA oncology (2019). PMID: 30325982 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  68. [68]

    Nguyen AT, Luu M, Mallen-St Clair J et al.. “Comparison of Survival After Transoral Robotic Surgery vs Nonrobotic Surgery in Patients With Early-Stage Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.” JAMA oncology (2020). PMID: 32816023 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Operative Techniques, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  69. [69]

    . “HPV Testing Bests Pap for Cervical Screening.” Cancer discovery (2018). PMID: 30054288 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  70. [70]

    . “Simple Hysterectomy Safe for Some Cervical Cancers.” Cancer discovery (2023). PMID: 37276328 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  71. [71]

    . “Cervical Cancer Screening Every 5 Years OK.” Cancer discovery (2018). PMID: 30206109 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  72. [72]

    He C, Li F, He M et al.. “The false-negative rate of sentinel lymph node biopsy and its related factors in early-stage cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden) (2026). PMID: 41837848 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Indications by Stage
  73. [73]

    Osawa N, Chikazawa K, Ko H et al.. “Follow-up by resident physicians is associated with underuse of hormone replacement therapy after cervical cancer treatment: A retrospective study.” European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (2026). PMID: 42107240 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Indications by Stage, Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  74. [74]

    Sasano T, Mabuchi S, Kozasa K et al.. “The Highly Metastatic Nature of Uterine Cervical/Endometrial Cancer Displaying Tumor-Related Leukocytosis: Clinical and Preclinical Investigations.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2018). PMID: 29752277 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  75. [75]

    Soutter WP, Diakomanolis E, Lyons D et al.. “Dynamic spectral imaging: improving colposcopy.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2009). PMID: 19223500 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  76. [76]

    Rockall AG, Barwick TD, Wilson W et al.. “Diagnostic Accuracy of FEC-PET/CT, FDG-PET/CT, and Diffusion-Weighted MRI in Detection of Nodal Metastases in Surgically Treated Endometrial and Cervical Carcinoma.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2021). PMID: 34526364 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  77. [77]

    Noordhuis MG, Eijsink JJ, Ten Hoor KA et al.. “Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activated EGFR predict poor response to (chemo)radiation and survival in cervical cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2009). PMID: 19920104 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  78. [78]

    Yuan SH, Liang XF, Jia WH et al.. “Molecular diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastases in cervical cancer using squamous cell carcinoma antigen.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2008). PMID: 18765550 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage, Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  79. [79]

    Wentzensen N, Schwartz L, Zuna RE et al.. “Performance of p16/Ki-67 immunostaining to detect cervical cancer precursors in a colposcopy referral population.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2012). PMID: 22675168 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  80. [80]

    Stalp JL, Schneider JA, Steinkasserer L et al.. “Comparing clinical decision-making between colposcopists and large language models in cervical dysplasia management: a pilot prospective multicenter study.” Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2026). PMID: 42313159 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  81. [81]

    Sertel E. “Diagnostic Accuracy Rate of Tertiary Center Colposcopy Unit.” Analytical cellular pathology (Amsterdam) (2026). PMID: 42274042 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Indications by Stage
  82. [82]

    Gouy S, Morice P, Narducci F et al.. “Prospective multicenter study evaluating the survival of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer undergoing laparoscopic para-aortic lymphadenectomy before chemoradiotherapy in the era of positron emission tomography imaging.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2013). PMID: 23857967 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Operative Techniques
  83. [83]

    Lécuru F, Mathevet P, Querleu D et al.. “Bilateral negative sentinel nodes accurately predict absence of lymph node metastasis in early cervical cancer: results of the SENTICOL study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2011). PMID: 21444878 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Operative Techniques, Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  84. [84]

    Frumovitz M, Obermair A, Coleman RL et al.. “Quality of life in patients with cervical cancer after open versus minimally invasive radical hysterectomy (LACC): a secondary outcome of a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2020). PMID: 32502445 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Operative Techniques, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  85. [85]

    Frumovitz M, Plante M, Lee PS et al.. “Near-infrared fluorescence for detection of sentinel lymph nodes in women with cervical and uterine cancers (FILM): a randomised, phase 3, multicentre, non-inferiority trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2018). PMID: 30143441 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Operative Techniques, Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  86. [86]

    Wu J, Li R, Chen H. “Comparison of open and minimally invasive radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of survival outcomes.” BMC surgery (2026). PMID: 42249382 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Operative Techniques
  87. [87]

    Raspagliesi F, Bogani G, Ditto A et al.. “Revisiting the Concept of Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy: A Proof-of-Concept Prospective Study From a Cervical Cancer Cohort.” Annals of surgical oncology (2026). PMID: 42002718 ↗

    L4COHORTCited in: Operative Techniques
  88. [88]

    Kaido Y, Kagabu M, Chiba Y et al.. “Safety and oncologic outcomes of total laparoscopic versus abdominal hysterectomy following diagnostic conization for adenocarcinoma in situ and stage IA1 cervical cancer: a multicenter retrospective study.” International journal of clinical oncology (2026). PMID: 41617964 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Operative Techniques, Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  89. [89]

    Hamada K, Umemiya M, Yamanoi K et al.. “Nationwide trends in surgery selection and minimally invasive surgery for cervical cancer with preoperative T1B1/T1B2 disease in Japan.” International journal of clinical oncology (2026). PMID: 42286379 ↗

    L2REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Operative Techniques
  90. [90]

    Kawecka W, Wilczyński JR, Tyczyńska M et al.. “The Role of Mesothelin in Gynecological Tumors and Its Significance in Targeted Therapies-A Review.” Cancers (2026). PMID: 42279275 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Operative Techniques
  91. [91]

    Viveros-Carreño D, Agustí N, Mora-Soto N et al.. “De-escalation in definitive surgical management for cervical cancer.” International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (2025). PMID: 41775568 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Operative Techniques
  92. [92]

    Mulugeta-Gordon L, Jang M, Dagher C et al.. “Advances in the Surgical Management of Cervical Cancer.” Cancers (2026). PMID: 41749881 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Operative Techniques
  93. [93]

    Tanioka M, Nagao S, Ida N et al.. “Fertility-sparing surgery with neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early and locally advanced cervical cancer: A clinical protocol.” PloS one (2026). PMID: 41529018 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Operative Techniques
  94. [94]

    Costa MT, Tavares V, Adega F et al.. “Non-coding RNAs and liquid biopsies: Emerging biomarkers for cervical cancer.” Critical reviews in oncology/hematology (2026). PMID: 41412310 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Operative Techniques
  95. [95]

    Chen Y, Liu L, Chen Y et al.. “Prognostic factors influencing the cure rate of 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) of High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL): A retrospective cohort study.” Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy (2026). PMID: 41941918 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Operative Techniques
  96. [96]

    Chen Y, Deng L, Liu J et al.. “Robotic versus traditional laparoendoscopic single-site radical hysterectomy with no-manipulation technique: a retrospective cohort study.” Frontiers in oncology (2026). PMID: 41783437 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Operative Techniques
  97. [97]

    Savci G, Sahin EA, Sahin H et al.. “Laparoscopic type 3 radical hysterectomy with enclosed colpotomy using the Bakay technique for early-stage cervical cancer: a retrospective case series.” BMC women's health (2026). PMID: 41942963 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Operative Techniques
  98. [98]

    Bernigaud O, Arendas K, Paulus A et al.. “Laparoscopic abdominal cerclage at 15 weeks of gestation after trachelectomy: a step-by-step surgical video.” Fertility and sterility (2026). PMID: 41617042 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Operative Techniques
  99. [99]

    Nistor SI, Shao R, Conforti J et al.. “Precision, prevention and progress: charting two decades of change in gynaecological oncology-a narrative review.” Translational cancer research (2026). PMID: 42180877 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Operative Techniques
  100. [100]

    Nagdev P, Chittilla M. “Advances in Screening, Immunotherapy, Targeted Agents, and Precision Surgery in Cervical Cancer: A Comprehensive Clinical Review (2018-2025).” Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) (2026). PMID: 41590369 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Operative Techniques
  101. [101]

    El-Safadi S, Bautista CE, Meinhold-Heerlein I et al.. “Comparative in vivo assessment of surgical smoke particle exposure from different energy modalities during gynecologic laparoscopy.” Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2026). PMID: 42257875 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Operative Techniques
  102. [102]

    Yu H, Liang H, Liang X et al.. “The influence of robotic-assisted systems on the surgical approach and outcomes in hysterectomy for benign and malignant diseases.” Journal of robotic surgery (2026). PMID: 42115535 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Operative Techniques
  103. [103]

    Schuurman TN, Schaafsma M, To KH et al.. “Optimising follow-up strategy based on cytology and human papillomavirus after fertility-sparing surgery for early stage cervical cancer: a nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 37952541 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  104. [104]

    Lim H, Kim SI, Min KJ et al.. “Updated clinical practice guidelines for human papillomavirus vaccination: the Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology recommendations.” Journal of gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 41775253 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  105. [105]

    Vincze Á, Márai D, Frivaldszky L et al.. “Neoadjuvant chemotherapy enables fertility preservation without compromising oncologic outcomes in early cervical cancer ≥2 cm: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology (2026). PMID: 41687593 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery, Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  106. [106]

    Zhao C, Li M, Chen R et al.. “Comparison of different mRNA testing technologies with HPV DNA testing for predicting ASCUS triage and post-cone excision outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Systematic reviews (2026). PMID: 41521305 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  107. [107]

    Pruski D, Millert-Kalińska S, Jach R et al.. “Impact of Vaccinating Adult Women Who Are HPV-Positive or with Confirmed Cervical SIL with the 9-Valent Vaccine-A Systematic Review.” Viruses (2025). PMID: 41157647 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  108. [108]

    Vajda G, Lakatos K, Lőczi L et al.. “Dynamic Changes in Systemic Inflammatory Indices Predict Residual High-Grade Lesions After Margin-Positive Cervical Conization: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.” Cancers (2026). PMID: 41976337 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  109. [109]

    Ma Y, Xu B, Zhang T et al.. “Risk factors of histologic upgrade between colposcopy-directed biopsy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions: a retrospective study.” Frontiers in medicine (2026). PMID: 41859136 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  110. [110]

    Nilsson HP, Bornhede R, Johansson ALV et al.. “Trends and outcomes of fertility preservation in patients presenting with cancer during pregnancy or postpartum-a longitudinal observational cohort study.” Frontiers in endocrinology (2026). PMID: 41778163 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  111. [111]

    Dolciami M, Criscione M, Bizzarri N et al.. “Accuracy and clinical impact of MRI in early-stage cervical cancer after cervical conization, a retrospective study.” European radiology (2026). PMID: 41413732 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  112. [112]

    Espías-Alonso M, Gorostidi M, Zapardiel I et al.. “Assessment of ESGO Quality Indicators and Factors Associated with Recurrence Following Surgery for Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” Journal of clinical medicine (2025). PMID: 41096121 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Fertility-Sparing Surgery
  113. [113]

    van Oosterom MN, Diaz-Feijóo B, Santisteban MI et al.. “Steerable DROP-IN radioguidance during minimal-invasive non-robotic cervical and endometrial sentinel lymph node surgery.” European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging (2024). PMID: 38233608 ↗

    L4RCTCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  114. [114]

    Ao M, Zhao A, Wu Y et al.. “Predictive factors of sentinel lymph node mapping failure in cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” European journal of surgical oncology : the journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology (2025). PMID: 40555135 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  115. [115]

    Agustí N, Viveros-Carreño D, Mora-Soto N et al.. “Diagnostic accuracy of sentinel lymph node frozen section analysis in patients with early-stage cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Gynecologic oncology (2023). PMID: 37703622 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  116. [116]

    Chargari C, Martinez A, Michels J et al.. “[French recommendations for clinical practice, Nice/Saint-Paul-de-Vence 2024-2025: Management of localized cervical cancer].” Bulletin du cancer (2026). PMID: 41617621 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  117. [117]

    Wang K, Zhai Q, Xie Y et al.. “Sentinel node mapping with carbon nanoparticles versus lymphadenectomy in early cervical cancer.” International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (2026). PMID: 41512771 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  118. [118]

    Meschini T, Giudici A, Longo M et al.. “Identifying low-volume metastases through ultrastaging of negative pelvic nodes in recurrent early-stage cervical cancer: a case series and literature review.” European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology (2025). PMID: 40644805 ↗

    L4SR_OBSCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  119. [119]

    Qu T, Zeng G, Yang J et al.. “Sentinel lymph node biopsy mapped with carbon nanoparticle suspensions in patients with cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Japanese journal of clinical oncology (2025). PMID: 40253673 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  120. [120]

    Laufer J, Scasso S, Papadia A. “Impact of Indocyanine Green Dose on Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping in Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review.” Cancers (2024). PMID: 39272965 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  121. [121]

    Kobayashi H, Yanazume S, Kamio M et al.. “Robotic trachelectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy for cervical cancer: a prospective study investigating minimally invasive radicality.” International journal of clinical oncology (2025). PMID: 40038151 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  122. [122]

    Persson J, Lührs O, Geppert B et al.. “A prospective study evaluating an optimized sentinel node algorithm in early stage cervical cancer: The PROSACC-study.” Gynecologic oncology (2024). PMID: 38788515 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping
  123. [123]

    Sehouli J, Runnebaum IB, Fotopoulou C et al.. “A randomized phase III adjuvant study in high-risk cervical cancer: simultaneous radiochemotherapy with cisplatin (S-RC) versus systemic paclitaxel and carboplatin followed by percutaneous radiation (PC-R): a NOGGO-AGO Intergroup Study.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2012). PMID: 22357252 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  124. [124]

    Dueñas-González A, Zarbá JJ, Patel F et al.. “Phase III, open-label, randomized study comparing concurrent gemcitabine plus cisplatin and radiation followed by adjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin versus concurrent cisplatin and radiation in patients with stage IIB to IVA carcinoma of the cervix.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2011). PMID: 21444871 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  125. [125]

    Mileshkin LR, Moore KN, Barnes EH et al.. “Adjuvant chemotherapy following chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer versus chemoradiotherapy alone (OUTBACK): an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 37080223 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  126. [126]

    . “Reducing uncertainties about the effects of chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from 18 randomized trials.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2008). PMID: 19001332 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  127. [127]

    Höckel M, Horn LC, Manthey N et al.. “Resection of the embryologically defined uterovaginal (Müllerian) compartment and pelvic control in patients with cervical cancer: a prospective analysis.” The Lancet. Oncology (2009). PMID: 19482513 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  128. [128]

    Höckel M, Trott S, Dornhöfer N et al.. “Vulvar field resection based on ontogenetic cancer field theory for surgical treatment of vulvar carcinoma: a single-centre, single-group, prospective trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2018). PMID: 29530664 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  129. [129]

    Tzioras S, Pavlidis N, Paraskevaidis E et al.. “Effects of different chemotherapy regimens on survival for advanced cervical cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis.” Cancer treatment reviews (2007). PMID: 17112673 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  130. [130]

    Corbeau A, Spampinato S, Charnalia M et al.. “Normal tissue complication probability models for gastrointestinal toxicity after adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy for cervical cancer in the PARCER trial.” Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (2026). PMID: 41698508 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  131. [131]

    Willmott LJ, Sumner DA, Monk BJ. “Biologics in cervical cancer therapy.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2010). PMID: 21147904 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  132. [132]

    Loiselle C, Koh WJ. “The emerging use of IMRT for treatment of cervical cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2010). PMID: 21147905 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  133. [133]

    Kenter GG, Welters MJ, Valentijn AR et al.. “Phase I immunotherapeutic trial with long peptides spanning the E6 and E7 sequences of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 in end-stage cervical cancer patients shows low toxicity and robust immunogenicity.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2008). PMID: 18172268 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  134. [134]

    Kibudde S, Kavuma A, Abal B et al.. “Radiation therapy for cervical cancer in Uganda: a practice guideline.” Ecancermedicalscience (2025). PMID: 41561518 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  135. [135]

    Bellati F, Pernice M, Manci N et al.. “Hemoglobin variation and blood transfusion rates in patients affected by locally advanced cervical cancer undergoing neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by radical surgery: the role of erythropoietic growth factors.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17307758 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  136. [136]

    Miao Z, Yang XL, Zhu JW et al.. “The differences of pelvic lymph node metastasis between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in early-stage cervical cancer patients undergoing radical surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy: a large cohort study.” Therapeutic advances in medical oncology (2026). PMID: 41783777 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  137. [137]

    Chu R, Wang Z, Shi S et al.. “Histology-specific prognostic models for early-stage cervical cancer based on pathologic intermediate-risk factors: a multi-center retrospective study.” International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (2026). PMID: 41576737 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  138. [138]

    Ouma GE, Asaso Omwodo K, Itsura P et al.. “Characterizing trimodal therapy outcomes by HIV status in early-stage cervical cancer: a retrospective cohort study from a Kenyan tertiary centre.” BMC cancer (2026). PMID: 41796282 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  139. [139]

    Mercier NB, Khudina Y, Roberts L et al.. “Surgically Treated Cervical Cancer in Manitoba: A Retrospective Study of the Impact of Geography on Care.” Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) (2026). PMID: 41744835 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  140. [140]

    Höckel M, Hentschel B, Horn LC. “Association between developmental steps in the organogenesis of the uterine cervix and locoregional progression of cervical cancer: a prospective clinicopathological analysis.” The Lancet. Oncology (2014). PMID: 24656439 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  141. [141]

    Wang Y, Xie Y, Fang Y et al.. “Acupuncture combined with immunotherapy for recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer: a pilot RCT protocol.” Frontiers in oncology (2026). PMID: 41684588 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  142. [142]

    Agustí N, Viveros-Carreño D, Wu CF et al.. “Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy vs Radiotherapy Alone for Patients With Intermediate-Risk Cervical Cancer.” JAMA oncology (2025). PMID: 40079948 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  143. [143]

    Bahardoust M, Ghalavand N, Shamohammadi M et al.. “Pretreatment CRP-Albumin-Lymphocyte (CALLY) Index as a Prognostic Biomarker of Survival and Recurrence-Free Survival in Patients With Early-Stage Cervical Cancer After Radical Hysterectomy: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.” Obstetrics and gynecology international (2026). PMID: 41635631 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters)
  144. [144]

    Da Silva DM, Enserro DM, Mayadev JS et al.. “Immune Activation in Patients with Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer Treated with Ipilimumab Following Definitive Chemoradiation (GOG-9929).” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2020). PMID: 32816895 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Adjuvant Therapy Triggers (Sedlis / Peters), Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  145. [145]

    Monk BJ, Sill MW, Burger RA et al.. “Phase II trial of bevacizumab in the treatment of persistent or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a gynecologic oncology group study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2009). PMID: 19139430 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  146. [146]

    Marucci da Silva GF, Pilger TL, Candido Dos Reis FJ. “Incidence of urologic co-morbidities after abdominal radical hysterectomy: a systematic review of clinical trials.” International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (2026). PMID: 41259843 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  147. [147]

    Wang Y, Lu Q, Na J et al.. “Safety and efficacy of radical hysterectomy based on embryo development-originated in the treatment of early cervical cancer: a single-arm meta-analysis.” Journal of gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 40908746 ↗

    L4SR_OBSCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  148. [148]

    Takekuma M, Nishio S, Yamaguchi S et al.. “Atezolizumab, bevacizumab, and platinum chemotherapy in cervical cancer: results of Japanese population from BEATcc.” Journal of gynecologic oncology (2025). PMID: 40968753 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  149. [149]

    Wang Y, Zhang X, Wang F et al.. “Dosimetric and Clinical Effects of Polyethylene Glycol Gel in Radical Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy for Cervical Cancer: A Phase 3 Prospective Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.” International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics (2026). PMID: 40876576 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  150. [150]

    Yang X, Chen S, Li Y et al.. “Laparoscopic radical hysterectomy with Karez technique for stage IB3 and IIA2 cervical cancer: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.” International journal of surgery (London, England) (2025). PMID: 40387736 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  151. [151]

    Chikazawa K, Imai K, Ko H et al.. “Adjuvant chemotherapy after radical hysterectomy yields comparable outcomes to chemoradiation for stage IB2-IIB and IIIC1-2 cervical cancer: a single-center retrospective study.” Journal of gynecologic oncology (2025). PMID: 40114548 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  152. [152]

    Aagaard M, Á Rogvi J, Modin F et al.. “Short term complications of conisation and long term effects on fertility related outcomes in Denmark: register based nationwide cohort study.” BMJ (Clinical research ed.) (2025). PMID: 39814419 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  153. [153]

    Zuo Y, Yang K, Zhang J et al.. “Factors influencing postoperative urinary retention after radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer: development and validation of a predictive model in a prospective cohort study in Southwest China.” BMJ open (2024). PMID: 39613445 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  154. [154]

    Hwang JH, Kim B. “Postoperative Urinary Complications in Minimally Invasive Versus Abdominal Radical Hysterectomy: A Meta-Analysis With a Focus on Ureterovaginal Fistula.” Journal of minimally invasive gynecology (2025). PMID: 39710105 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  155. [155]

    Nakashima T, Matsumoto K, Yoshitake T et al.. “Impact of high-dose pelvic radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy on local control, symptom relief, and safety in patients with stage IVB cervical cancer (FIGO 2018): a two-center retrospective study.” Japanese journal of radiology (2026). PMID: 41441948 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  156. [156]

    Billone V, Gullo G, Conti E et al.. “Minilaparoscopic Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: Insights from a Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study with Legal Considerations.” Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) (2025). PMID: 40731845 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  157. [157]

    Zhang L, Yang L, Wang Y et al.. “Clinical comparative study of robot-assisted and traditional laparoscopic surgery in patients with cervical cancer: a retrospective cohort study.” BMC surgery (2024). PMID: 39731015 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Intraoperative Considerations and Complications
  158. [158]

    Laporte GA, Zanini LAG, Zanvettor PH et al.. “Guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Oncologic Surgery for pelvic exenteration in the treatment of cervical cancer.” Journal of surgical oncology (2020). PMID: 31777095 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Postoperative Recovery and ERAS
  159. [159]

    Small W, Beriwal S, Demanes DJ et al.. “American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy after hysterectomy.” Brachytherapy (2012). PMID: 22265439 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Postoperative Recovery and ERAS
  160. [160]

    Huang W, Fang X, Ou X et al.. “Postoperative Adjuvant Treatments for Cervical Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis.” International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics (2026). PMID: 40752650 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Postoperative Recovery and ERAS
  161. [161]

    Schneider S, Armbrust R, Spies C et al.. “Prehabilitation programs and ERAS protocols in gynecological oncology: a comprehensive review.” Archives of gynecology and obstetrics (2020). PMID: 31616986 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Postoperative Recovery and ERAS
  162. [162]

    Chargari C, Peignaux K, Escande A et al.. “Radiotherapy of cervical cancer.” Cancer radiotherapie : journal de la Societe francaise de radiotherapie oncologique (2022). PMID: 34955418 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Postoperative Recovery and ERAS
  163. [163]

    Piovano E, Puppo A, Camanni M et al.. “Implementing Enhanced Recovery After Surgery for hysterectomy in a hospital network with audit and feedback: A stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial.” BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology (2024). PMID: 38404145 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Postoperative Recovery and ERAS
  164. [164]

    Gil KM, Pugh SL, Klopp AH et al.. “Expanded validation of the EPIC bowel and urinary domains for use in women with gynecologic cancer undergoing postoperative radiotherapy.” Gynecologic oncology (2019). PMID: 31104905 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Postoperative Recovery and ERAS
  165. [165]

    Li J, Huang J, Zhang J et al.. “A home-based, nurse-led health program for postoperative patients with early-stage cervical cancer: A randomized controlled trial.” European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society (2016). PMID: 26482004 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Postoperative Recovery and ERAS
  166. [166]

    Abu-Rustum NR, Campos SM, Amarnath S et al.. “Vaginal Cancer, Version 2.2026, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines In Oncology.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2026). PMID: 41825134 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  167. [167]

    Lorusso D, Colombo N, Dubot C et al.. “Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for advanced and recurrent cervical cancer: final analysis according to bevacizumab use in the randomized KEYNOTE-826 study.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2025). PMID: 39393777 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  168. [168]

    Mayadev J, Vázquez Limón JC, Ramírez Godinez FJ et al.. “Ultrasensitive detection and tracking of circulating tumor DNA to predict relapse and survival in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer: phase III CALLA trial analyses.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2025). PMID: 40500687 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  169. [169]

    Sugiyama T, Fujiwara K, Ohashi Y et al.. “Phase III placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial of radiotherapy for stage IIB-IVA cervical cancer with or without immunomodulator Z-100: a JGOG study.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2014). PMID: 24569914 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  170. [170]

    Kitagawa R, Katsumata N, Shibata T et al.. “Paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin Versus Paclitaxel Plus Cisplatin in Metastatic or Recurrent Cervical Cancer: The Open-Label Randomized Phase III Trial JCOG0505.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2015). PMID: 25732161 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  171. [171]

    Xia L, Zhang K, Tang Y et al.. “Camrelizumab Plus Famitinib versus Camrelizumab Alone and Investigator's Choice of Chemotherapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: A Randomized, Phase II Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2025). PMID: 40561369 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  172. [172]

    Yang X, Ren H, Li Z et al.. “A phase III randomized, controlled trial of nedaplatin versus cisplatin concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with cervical cancer.” ESMO open (2022). PMID: 35994789 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  173. [173]

    Monk BJ, Toita T, Wu X et al.. “Durvalumab versus placebo with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (CALLA): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2023). PMID: 38039991 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  174. [174]

    Oaknin A, Moore K, Meyer T et al.. “Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (CheckMate 358): a phase 1-2, open-label, multicohort trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2024). PMID: 38608691 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  175. [175]

    Vergote I, González-Martín A, Fujiwara K et al.. “Tisotumab Vedotin as Second- or Third-Line Therapy for Recurrent Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2024). PMID: 38959480 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  176. [176]

    Tewari KS, Monk BJ, Vergote I et al.. “Survival with Cemiplimab in Recurrent Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2022). PMID: 35139273 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  177. [177]

    Tewari KS, Sill MW, Long HJ et al.. “Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2014). PMID: 24552320 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  178. [178]

    . “Quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus to prevent high-grade cervical lesions.” The New England journal of medicine (2007). PMID: 17494925 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  179. [179]

    Colombo N, Dubot C, Lorusso D et al.. “Pembrolizumab for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer.” The New England journal of medicine (2021). PMID: 34534429 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  180. [180]

    Penson RT, Huang HQ, Wenzel LB et al.. “Bevacizumab for advanced cervical cancer: patient-reported outcomes of a randomised, phase 3 trial (NRG Oncology-Gynecologic Oncology Group protocol 240).” The Lancet. Oncology (2015). PMID: 25638326 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  181. [181]

    Birrer M, Li G, Yunokawa M et al.. “Bintrafusp Alfa for Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer After Platinum Failure: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial.” JAMA oncology (2024). PMID: 39052242 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  182. [182]

    Thaker PH, Salani R, Brady WE et al.. “A phase I trial of paclitaxel, cisplatin, and veliparib in the treatment of persistent or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix: an NRG Oncology Study (NCT#01281852).” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2017). PMID: 27998970 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  183. [183]

    Lorusso D, Ferrandina G, Pignata S et al.. “Evaluation of pemetrexed (Alimta, LY231514) as second-line chemotherapy in persistent or recurrent carcinoma of the cervix: the CERVIX 1 study of the MITO (Multicentre Italian Trials in Ovarian Cancer and Gynecologic Malignancies) Group.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2010). PMID: 19605508 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  184. [184]

    Zagouri F, Korakiti AM, Zakopoulou R et al.. “Taxanes during pregnancy in cervical cancer: A systematic review and pooled analysis.” Cancer treatment reviews (2019). PMID: 31442939 ↗

    L3SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  185. [185]

    Vergote I, Van Nieuwenhuysen E, O'Cearbhaill RE et al.. “Tisotumab Vedotin in Combination With Carboplatin, Pembrolizumab, or Bevacizumab in Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: Results From the innovaTV 205/GOG-3024/ENGOT-cx8 Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2023). PMID: 37651655 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  186. [186]

    Frenel JS, Le Tourneau C, O'Neil B et al.. “Safety and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in Advanced, Programmed Death Ligand 1-Positive Cervical Cancer: Results From the Phase Ib KEYNOTE-028 Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2017). PMID: 29095678 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  187. [187]

    Xu Q, Wang J, Sun Y et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of Sintilimab Plus Anlotinib for PD-L1-Positive Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: A Multicenter, Single-Arm, Prospective Phase II Trial.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2022). PMID: 35192397 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  188. [188]

    O'Malley DM, Neffa M, Monk BJ et al.. “Dual PD-1 and CTLA-4 Checkpoint Blockade Using Balstilimab and Zalifrelimab Combination as Second-Line Treatment for Advanced Cervical Cancer: An Open-Label Phase II Study.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2022). PMID: 34932394 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  189. [189]

    Pötter R, Tanderup K, Schmid MP et al.. “MRI-guided adaptive brachytherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer (EMBRACE-I): a multicentre prospective cohort study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2021). PMID: 33794207 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  190. [190]

    Coleman RL, Lorusso D, Gennigens C et al.. “Efficacy and safety of tisotumab vedotin in previously treated recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (innovaTV 204/GOG-3023/ENGOT-cx6): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study.” The Lancet. Oncology (2021). PMID: 33845034 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  191. [191]

    Youn JW, Hur SY, Woo JW et al.. “Pembrolizumab plus GX-188E therapeutic DNA vaccine in patients with HPV-16-positive or HPV-18-positive advanced cervical cancer: interim results of a single-arm, phase 2 trial.” The Lancet. Oncology (2020). PMID: 33271094 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  192. [192]

    Mayadev JS, Enserro D, Lin YG et al.. “Sequential Ipilimumab After Chemoradiotherapy in Curative-Intent Treatment of Patients With Node-Positive Cervical Cancer.” JAMA oncology (2020). PMID: 31774464 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  193. [193]

    Trutnovsky G, Muntinga C, Holter M et al.. “Risk factors for recurrence of vulvar high-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesions: long-term follow-up of the PITVIN Study (primary imiquimod vs surgery for vulvar intra-epithelial neoplasia).” International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (2026). PMID: 41791272 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  194. [194]

    Yonemori K, Nishio S, Suzuki S et al.. “Tisotumab vedotin in Japanese patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer: results from the innovaTV 301/ENGOT-cx12/GOG-3057 trial.” International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society (2026). PMID: 41644383 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  195. [195]

    Kim SI, Kim JW, Kwon JS et al.. “Comparative outcomes of simple versus radical hysterectomy in patients with and without very low-risk early-stage cervical cancer: An exploratory analysis from the Gynecologic Cancer Intergroup/Canadian Cancer Trials Group CX.5/SHAPE trial.” Gynecologic oncology (2026). PMID: 41520567 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  196. [196]

    Moore DH. “Chemotherapy for advanced, recurrent, and metastatic cervical cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2008). PMID: 18267059 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  197. [197]

    Xiang M, Kidd EA. “Benefit of Cisplatin With Definitive Radiotherapy in Older Women With Cervical Cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2019). PMID: 31390586 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  198. [198]

    Dyer BA, Zamarin D, Eskandar RN et al.. “Role of Immunotherapy in the Management of Locally Advanced and Recurrent/Metastatic Cervical Cancer.” Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN (2019). PMID: 30659133 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  199. [199]

    Hong DS, Concin N, Vergote I et al.. “Tisotumab Vedotin in Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2020). PMID: 31796521 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  200. [200]

    Oaknin A, Ghamande SA, Kasamatsu Y et al.. “Phase I Trial of First-line Bintrafusp Alfa in Patients with Locally Advanced or Persistent/Recurrent/Metastatic Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2024). PMID: 38165683 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  201. [201]

    Stevanović S, Helman SR, Wunderlich JR et al.. “A Phase II Study of Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy for Human Papillomavirus-associated Epithelial Cancers.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2019). PMID: 30518633 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  202. [202]

    Papadopoulos KP, Johnson ML, Lockhart AC et al.. “First-In-Human Study of Cemiplimab Alone or In Combination with Radiotherapy and/or Low-dose Cyclophosphamide in Patients with Advanced Malignancies.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2020). PMID: 31796520 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  203. [203]

    Kidd EA, Grigsby PW. “Intratumoral metabolic heterogeneity of cervical cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2008). PMID: 18698042 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  204. [204]

    . “Prophylactic para-aortic irradiation vs pelvic radiotherapy in pelvic node-positive carcinoma cervix in the setting of concurrent chemoradiation: a phase II open-label multi centric randomized controlled trial (PRO-PARA).” Trials (2026). PMID: 41792812 ↗

    L5RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  205. [205]

    Bonala SR, Raja SA, Subramanian BV et al.. “Randomized comparison of tandem-ring versus tandem-ovoid applicators in volume-based brachytherapy for cervical cancer: Dosimetric analysis and early clinical outcomes.” Brachytherapy (2026). PMID: 41679999 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  206. [206]

    Mi X, Lin T, Zhu X et al.. “Efficacy and safety of cadonilimab for malignant solid tumor treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 42292353 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  207. [207]

    Zhang D, Meng Y, Dong X et al.. “Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with antiangiogenic agents in advanced cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 42253994 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  208. [208]

    Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang C et al.. “Efficacy and safety of first-line therapies for persistent, recurrent, or metastatic cervical cancer: a systematic review and exploratory network meta-analysis of immunotherapy.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 42079658 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  209. [209]

    Panczel I, Herold M, Borbenyi E et al.. “Survival Difference in Advanced-Stage Cervical and Ovarian Cancer Patients Treated with Concomitant Modulated Electro-Hyperthermia in Comparison to Classic Treatment Modalities: Results of a Pilot Study and Meta-Analysis.” Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) (2026). PMID: 41892820 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  210. [210]

    Zhou L, Sun C, Diao P et al.. “Efficacy and safety of adding immune checkpoint inhibitors to standard chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for advanced or recurrent cervical cancer: a meta-analysis.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 41869324 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  211. [211]

    Zhou J, Ye W, Ranarisoa SN et al.. “Comparison of drug regimens for recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 41822503 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  212. [212]

    Zhuang Q, Liu Y. “Efficacy and safety of Cadonilimab in the treatment of recurrent/metastatic and advanced cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Frontiers in immunology (2025). PMID: 41601625 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  213. [213]

    Shi A, Yerebake M, Du Z et al.. “Acupuncture as Adjunctive Therapy for Cervical Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of pain and symptom management (2026). PMID: 41482014 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  214. [214]

    Cho Y, Kim KH, Yoon HI et al.. “Tumor-related leukocytosis is associated with poor radiation response and clinical outcome in uterine cervical cancer patients.” Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology (2016). PMID: 27502717 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  215. [215]

    Han K, Zou J, Zhao Z et al.. “Clinical Validation of Human Papilloma Virus Circulating Tumor DNA for Early Detection of Residual Disease After Chemoradiation in Cervical Cancer.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2024). PMID: 37972346 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  216. [216]

    Dryden-Peterson S, Bvochora-Nsingo M, Suneja G et al.. “HIV Infection and Survival Among Women With Cervical Cancer.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2016). PMID: 27573661 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  217. [217]

    Monk BJ, Tewari KS, Koh WJ. “Multimodality therapy for locally advanced cervical carcinoma: state of the art and future directions.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17617527 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  218. [218]

    Long HJ. “Management of metastatic cervical cancer: review of the literature.” Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2007). PMID: 17617528 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  219. [219]

    Ventriglia J, Paciolla I, Pisano C et al.. “Immunotherapy in ovarian, endometrial and cervical cancer: State of the art and future perspectives.” Cancer treatment reviews (2017). PMID: 28800469 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  220. [220]

    Wieringa HW, van der Zee AG, de Vries EG et al.. “Breaking the DNA damage response to improve cervical cancer treatment.” Cancer treatment reviews (2016). PMID: 26643553 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  221. [221]

    Pectasides D, Kamposioras K, Papaxoinis G et al.. “Chemotherapy for recurrent cervical cancer.” Cancer treatment reviews (2008). PMID: 18657909 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  222. [222]

    Monk BJ, Enomoto T, Kast WM et al.. “Integration of immunotherapy into treatment of cervical cancer: Recent data and ongoing trials.” Cancer treatment reviews (2022). PMID: 35413489 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  223. [223]

    Tolcher A, Hamilton E, Coleman RL. “The evolving landscape of antibody-drug conjugates in gynecologic cancers.” Cancer treatment reviews (2023). PMID: 37023499 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  224. [224]

    Gennigens C, Jerusalem G, Lapaille L et al.. “Recurrent or primary metastatic cervical cancer: current and future treatments.” ESMO open (2022). PMID: 36108558 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  225. [225]

    Cabel L, Bonneau C, Bernard-Tessier A et al.. “HPV ctDNA detection of high-risk HPV types during chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer.” ESMO open (2021). PMID: 34022731 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  226. [226]

    Westerveld H, Nesvacil N, Fokdal L et al.. “Definitive radiotherapy with image-guided adaptive brachytherapy for primary vaginal cancer.” The Lancet. Oncology (2020). PMID: 32135119 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  227. [227]

    Brunson A, Wun T, Abrahão R et al.. “Metastatic Recurrence Among Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer.” JAMA oncology (2026). PMID: 41296369 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  228. [228]

    Lheureux S, Butler MO, Clarke B et al.. “Association of Ipilimumab With Safety and Antitumor Activity in Women With Metastatic or Recurrent Human Papillomavirus-Related Cervical Carcinoma.” JAMA oncology (2018). PMID: 29145543 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  229. [229]

    Ishida S, McCormick F, Smith-McCune K et al.. “Enhancing tumor-specific uptake of the anticancer drug cisplatin with a copper chelator.” Cancer cell (2010). PMID: 20541702 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  230. [230]

    Miller KM, Friedman CF. “Bifunctional Blockade: A Novel Immunotherapy Approach for Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2022). PMID: 35947045 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  231. [231]

    Tewari KS, Monk BJ. “New strategies in advanced cervical cancer: from angiogenesis blockade to immunotherapy.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2014). PMID: 25104084 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  232. [232]

    Seo A, Xiao W, Gjyshi O et al.. “Human Papilloma Virus Circulating Cell-Free DNA Kinetics in Patients with Cervical Cancer Undergoing Definitive Chemoradiation.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2025). PMID: 39680029 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  233. [233]

    Sivars L, Jylhä C, Crona Guterstam Y et al.. “Cell-Free Human Papillomavirus DNA Is a Sensitive Biomarker for Prognosis and for Early Detection of Relapse in Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2024). PMID: 38669077 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  234. [234]

    Chen J, Chen C, Zhan Y et al.. “Heterogeneity of IFN-Mediated Responses and Tumor Immunogenicity in Patients with Cervical Cancer Receiving Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2021). PMID: 33766815 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  235. [235]

    Leo C, Horn LC, Rauscher C et al.. “Expression of erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor in cervical cancer and relationship to survival, hypoxia, and apoptosis.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2006). PMID: 17145806 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  236. [236]

    Kim SS, Shen S, Miyauchi S et al.. “B Cells Improve Overall Survival in HPV-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Are Activated by Radiation and PD-1 Blockade.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2020). PMID: 32193227 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach
  237. [237]

    Fjeldbo CS, Julin CH, Lando M et al.. “Integrative Analysis of DCE-MRI and Gene Expression Profiles in Construction of a Gene Classifier for Assessment of Hypoxia-Related Risk of Chemoradiotherapy Failure in Cervical Cancer.” Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research (2016). PMID: 27012812 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Outcomes by Stage and Approach

Revision History

All updates applied to this page

Loading revisions…