Skip to main content
WoMWeb of Medicine
SearchGraphHistory
Allergy and Immunology›Condition·Updated Jul 11, 2026·v1

Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is a common IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity affecting 400-500 million people worldwide, characterized by sneezing, itching, rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion. Diagnosis relies on compatible history plus positive skin prick test or serum-specific IgE; nasal allergen challenge identifies local allergic rhinitis in systemic IgE-negative patients. Management follows a step-up approach: intranasal corticosteroids first-line, add intranasal antihistamines for inadequate control, and advance to allergen immunotherapy (minimum 3 years) for disease modification, which reduces asthma development by 40%. Avoid first-generation antihistamines and prolonged decongestants. Biologics such as tezepelumab and dupilumab are emerging for uncontrolled seasonal disease in specialist settings.

High Evidence517 references·10,241 words·41 min read·v1
allergic rhinitishay fevertype I hypersensitivityARIA classificationallergen immunotherapyintranasal corticosteroidslocal allergic rhinitisatopic march

Quick Reference

RxDrug of choiceIntranasal corticosteroid (fluticasone propionate 2 sprays each nostril daily, or mometasone furoate) for moderate-to-severe persistent disease; consider fixed combination olopatadine-mometasone for rapid onset and superior efficacy.
AltAlternativesSecond-generation oral antihistamines (cetirizine, levocetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine), intranasal antihistamines (olopatadine, azelastine), montelukast (second-line, especially with asthma), and allergen immunotherapy (SCIT or SLIT) for disease modification.
⊘AvoidFirst-generation oral antihistamines (diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine) due to sedation; long-term oral decongestants >7 days (rhinitis medicamentosa); systemic corticosteroids for chronic disease; AIT in uncontrolled asthma, severe immunodeficiency, or active malignancy.
DxTest of choiceSkin prick testing (SPT) with regionally relevant aeroallergens; serum-specific IgE (sIgE) when SPT unavailable or antihistamines cannot be withheld. Nasal allergen challenge (NAC) for suspected local allergic rhinitis with negative SPT/sIgE.
ScKey scoreARIA classification (intermittent/persistent, mild/moderate-severe), Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS, MCID 0.55 units), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) >5 for severe disease (modified ARIA).
→When to referRefer to allergist for allergen immunotherapy (AIT) when pharmacotherapy fails or disease modification is desired; refer to ENT for sinonasal complications (chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, structural lesions) or refractory cases.
Allergic rhinitis is managed with step-up therapy: intranasal corticosteroids first-line, add intranasal antihistamines for inadequate control, and escalate to allergen immunotherapy (3-year minimum) for disease modification, the only treatment that reduces asthma risk by 40%. Avoid first-generation antihistamines and prolonged decongestants.
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity of the nasal mucosa affecting 10-40% of the global population, making it the most common allergic disease. It impairs quality of life, reduces productivity, and is an independent risk factor for asthma development (RR 3.53). Diagnosis rests on a compatible clinical history confirmed by skin prick testing or serum-specific IgE. Management follows a step-up approach starting with intranasal corticosteroids for moderate-to-severe disease, adding intranasal antihistamines for inadequate control, and escalating to allergen immunotherapy for disease modification. Allergen immunotherapy is the only treatment that alters the natural history of AR, reducing asthma risk by 40%.

Overview and Recommendations

Background

  • •Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction of the nasal mucosa triggered by inhaled allergens; it affects an estimated 400-500 million people worldwide and is the most prevalent allergic disease, with a marked rise over the past decade, especially in children. The condition is a key step in the atopic march: it triples the odds of subsequent asthma (adjusted RR 3.53) and commonly co-occurs with atopic dermatitis and allergic conjunctivitis.
  • •The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines classify AR along three axes: symptom frequency (intermittent <4 days/week or <4 weeks; persistent ≥4 days/week and ≥4 weeks), severity (mild with normal sleep and activity; moderate-to-severe with impairment), and trigger exposure (seasonal from outdoor pollens, perennial from indoor allergens). A distinct phenotype, local allergic rhinitis (LAR), accounts for up to 25% of rhinitis patients and is characterized by negative skin prick tests and serum IgE but positive nasal allergen challenge and local IgE production in the nasal mucosa.
  • •The pathophysiology unfolds in two phases: an early-phase response driven by mast cell degranulation and histamine release, causing sneezing, itching, and watery rhinorrhea within minutes of allergen exposure; followed by a late-phase response 4-6 hours later, orchestrated by eosinophils, Th2 lymphocytes, and ILC2s, producing persistent nasal congestion and mucosal hyperreactivity. Epithelial barrier dysfunction and neurogenic inflammation (via TRP channels, substance P) amplify and perpetuate this type 2 inflammation.
  • •The evolution of treatment has moved from empiric oral antihistamines (first-generation, sedating) to targeted therapy: intranasal corticosteroids (first-line since the 1990s), combination intranasal antihistamine-corticosteroid fixed-dose products (superior to monotherapy), and disease-modifying allergen immunotherapy (AIT). AIT, subcutaneous or sublingual, is the only intervention that reduces the risk of developing asthma (RR 0.40) and provides sustained benefit for years after a minimum 3-year course. Biologics such as tezepelumab (anti-TSLP) and stapokibart (anti-IL-4Rα) are emerging for uncontrolled seasonal disease but remain second-line options.

Evaluation

  • •Suspect allergic rhinitis in any patient presenting with the classic symptom quartet: sneezing, nasal itching, clear rhinorrhea, and nasal congestion, especially when triggered by specific allergen exposures (pollen seasons, dust mites, animal dander, mold). Ocular itching, tearing, and redness accompany nasal symptoms in up to 75% of patients, reflecting shared conjunctival mucosal involvement.
  • •Ask about the pattern and duration of symptoms: are they seasonal (tree, grass, weed pollens) or perennial (dust mites, pets, cockroach)? Use the ARIA framework to classify as intermittent (<4 days/week or <4 consecutive weeks) versus persistent (≥4 days/week and ≥4 weeks). Elicit impact on sleep, school/work productivity, and daily activities to grade severity as mild or moderate-to-severe.
  • •Examine the nasal cavity using anterior rhinoscopy or nasal endoscopy: look for pale, boggy, edematous turbinates with clear, watery secretions. The classic 'allergic salute' (upward rubbing of the nose) produces a horizontal crease across the nasal bridge (allergic crease). Dark circles under the eyes (allergic shiners) and Dennie-Morgan lines are supportive but not specific. Inspect the conjunctivae for injection and chemosis; examine the posterior pharynx for cobblestoning from lymphoid hyperplasia.
  • •Order skin prick testing (SPT) with a panel of regionally relevant aeroallergens as the initial test of choice, it is rapid, safe, and provides immediate results. A positive reaction (wheal ≥3 mm larger than negative control) indicates IgE sensitization. An alternative is serum-specific IgE (sIgE) measurement (≥0.35 kU/L positive), useful when antihistamines cannot be withheld or SPT is unavailable; discordance between SPT and sIgE occurs in up to 20% of cases.
  • •If SPT and sIgE are negative but clinical suspicion for allergic rhinitis remains high, consider nasal allergen challenge (NAC) to diagnose local allergic rhinitis (LAR). NAC is the gold standard for LAR and should be performed in specialized centers using standardized allergen extracts with subjective symptom scores and objective measures (peak nasal inspiratory flow, acoustic rhinometry).
  • •Assess severity using validated instruments: the Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) grades rhinorrhea, congestion, sneezing, and itching each 0-3 (composite ≥5 defines moderate-to-severe); the visual analog scale (VAS) score >5 on a 0-10 scale distinguishes moderate from severe disease per the modified ARIA classification. The minimal clinically important difference for TNSS is 0.55 units, and for PNIF (peak nasal inspiratory flow) it is 5 L/min.
  • •Evaluate for comorbidities: screen for asthma (wheezing, chest tightness, nocturnal cough, exertional dyspnea; consider spirometry), allergic conjunctivitis, chronic rhinosinusitis (facial pressure, purulent discharge, hyposmia persisting beyond allergy season), otitis media with effusion (especially in children), and sleep-disordered breathing. In children, ask about snoring, mouth breathing, and school absenteeism.
  • •Consider red flags that necessitate urgent evaluation: unilateral nasal obstruction or bloody discharge (suspect nasal mass or foreign body), purulent nasal discharge with facial pain and fever persisting >10 days (acute bacterial sinusitis), new-onset asthma symptoms, or persistent anosmia (consider chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps). Cough as the sole presenting symptom may be asthma or eosinophilic bronchitis.
  • •In refractory or atypical cases, nasal cytology (scraping with May-Grünwald-Giemsa staining) can identify eosinophils, mast cells, or neutrophils, helping differentiate from non-allergic rhinitis phenotypes (e.g., NARES). Total IgE and peripheral blood eosinophil count are supportive but not diagnostic. Basophil activation test (BAT) is emerging for LAR diagnosis but lacks standardization. Imaging (paranasal sinus CT) is reserved for suspected complications like chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyps.

Management

  • •Initiate first-line pharmacotherapy with an intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) for moderate-to-severe or persistent allergic rhinitis: fluticasone propionate 2 sprays (50 µg/spray) each nostril once daily, or mometasone furoate 2 sprays each nostril once daily. For mild intermittent symptoms, a second-generation oral antihistamine (e.g., cetirizine 10 mg daily, loratadine 10 mg daily, fexofenadine 180 mg daily) or INCS monotherapy alone may suffice.
  • •If symptoms are not adequately controlled after 2-4 weeks of INCS monotherapy, add an intranasal antihistamine: olopatadine 0.6% 2 sprays each nostril twice daily, or use the fixed-dose combination spray (olopatadine HCl plus mometasone furoate) 1 spray each nostril twice daily, this combination is superior to either constituent alone, with onset of action as early as 15 minutes.
  • •For patients with moderate-to-severe persistent symptoms despite combination INCS + intranasal antihistamine, consider a short course (5-7 days) of an oral decongestant (pseudoephedrine 60 mg twice daily) for severe congestion, but avoid prolonged use (>7 days) due to risk of rhinitis medicamentosa. Oral leukotriene receptor antagonists (montelukast 10 mg daily) are second-line options, reserved for patients with comorbid asthma or those intolerant to other agents; monitor for neuropsychiatric events.
  • •Refer to an allergist for consideration of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) when pharmacotherapy is inadequate, the patient desires disease modification, or there is a goal to prevent asthma. AIT is the only treatment that alters the natural history of allergic rhinitis; both subcutaneous (SCIT) and sublingual (SLIT) routes are effective. SCIT requires in-clinic injections (weekly build-up then monthly maintenance); SLIT tablets (grass, ragweed, house dust mite, birch) are self-administered daily at home.
  • •Recommend a minimum 3-year course of AIT to achieve long-term tolerance and sustained clinical benefit. For children with moderate-to-severe grass or birch pollen AR, AIT reduces the short-term risk of developing asthma by 40% (RR 0.40). Advise patients that adherence is critical, only about one-third complete the recommended 3-year course in real-world settings; shared decision-making improves compliance.
  • •For SCIT, administer epinephrine auto-injectors and observe patients for at least 30 minutes after each injection due to risk of systemic anaphylaxis (0.1-0.2% of injections). Contraindications to AIT include uncontrolled asthma, severe immunodeficiency, active malignancy, and use of beta-blockers (relative). SLIT has a better safety profile with mostly local oral itching/swelling; systemic reactions are very rare.
  • •Consider biologic therapy in selected patients with uncontrolled seasonal allergic rhinitis despite optimized pharmacotherapy and AIT: tezepelumab (anti-TSLP) 210 mg subcutaneously every 4 weeks, or dupilumab (anti-IL-4Rα) at standard asthma dosing (300 mg every 2 weeks). Biologics are not yet approved for AR as a standalone indication in most countries; use in specialist centers with shared decision-making.
  • •Avoid first-generation oral antihistamines (diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine) due to sedation, psychomotor impairment, and anticholinergic effects, they are no longer recommended for any form of allergic rhinitis. Avoid long-term use of oral decongestants (pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine) beyond 7 days. Avoid systemic corticosteroids for chronic disease due to unacceptable adverse effects.
  • •Monitor treatment response using validated symptom scores (TNSS, RQLQ) at each follow-up visit. Assess adherence and address barriers. Evaluate for adverse effects: INCS may cause mild epistaxis (5-10%) or nasal irritation; educate on correct spray technique (aim lateral wall, not septum). For AIT, monitor for local and systemic reactions at each dose.
  • •Discharge criteria for acute care: patients presenting with anaphylaxis from AIT or natural exposure should be observed for at least 4-6 hours after epinephrine administration for biphasic reactions. Prescribe epinephrine auto-injector, pause AIT, and reassess risk-benefit before resuming. Refer patients with severe reactions to an allergist for dose adjustment or switch to SLIT.

Board Review — High Yield

  • •Allergic salute and allergic crease, The classic horizontal nasal crease from upward rubbing of the nose is a pathognomonic sign of long-standing allergic rhinitis in children.
  • •ARIA classification, Classify symptoms as intermittent (<4 days/week or <4 weeks) vs. persistent (≥4 days/week and ≥4 weeks); and mild (normal sleep/activity) vs. moderate-to-severe (impaired sleep/activity). This guides step-up therapy.
  • •Local allergic rhinitis (LAR), Up to 25% of rhinitis patients have negative skin prick tests and serum IgE but positive nasal allergen challenge; this phenotype responds to standard pharmacotherapy and AIT.
  • •Intranasal corticosteroids are first-line, They suppress the late-phase inflammatory response (eosinophil infiltration) and are more effective than antihistamines for nasal congestion, the dominant symptom in persistent disease.
  • •Combination intranasal corticosteroid + antihistamine, Fixed-dose olopatadine-mometasone is superior to either constituent alone, with onset of action as early as 15 minutes; recommended for moderate-severe disease not controlled by monotherapy.
  • •Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) reduces asthma risk by 40%, A 3-year course of SCIT or SLIT is the only disease-modifying therapy; in children with grass/birch pollen AR, the RR for developing asthma is 0.40 (95% CI 0.30-0.54).
  • •Epinephrine is first-line for anaphylaxis, In AIT-related or natural allergen-induced anaphylaxis, administer 0.3 mg IM (0.15 mg for children) into the anterolateral thigh; do not delay for antihistamines or corticosteroids.
  • •Avoid first-generation antihistamines, They cause sedation and psychomotor impairment; second-generation agents (cetirizine, fexofenadine, loratadine) are equally effective and non-sedating.
  • •Red flags: unilateral symptoms, purulent discharge, Unilateral nasal obstruction or bloody discharge suggests nasal mass/foreign body; purulent discharge with facial pain >10 days suggests bacterial sinusitis.
  • •Atopic march, Allergic rhinitis triples the odds of asthma; screen children with atopic dermatitis or food allergy for AR from age 3 years onward.

Deep Dive — Evidence Details

References

  1. [1]

    Brożek JL, Bousquet J, Agache I et al.. “Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2017). PMID: 28602936 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  2. [2]

    Brozek JL, Bousquet J, Baena-Cagnani CE et al.. “Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines: 2010 revision.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2010). PMID: 20816182 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  3. [3]

    Sousa-Pinto B, Bousquet J, Vieira RJ et al.. “Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-EAACI Guidelines-2024-2025 Revision: Part I-Guidelines on Intranasal Treatments.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 41324154 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment
  4. [4]

    Roberts G, Pfaar O, Akdis CA et al.. “EAACI Guidelines on Allergen Immunotherapy: Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.” Allergy (2017). PMID: 28940458 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  5. [5]

    Vieira RJ, Sousa-Pinto B, Bousquet J et al.. “Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-EAACI Guidelines-2024-2025 Revision: Part II-Guidelines on Oral and Ocular Treatments.” Allergy (2026). PMID: 41877472 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment
  6. [6]

    Arshad H, Lack G, Durham SR et al.. “Prevention Is Better than Cure: Impact of Allergen Immunotherapy on the Progression of Airway Disease.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 37844847 ↗

    L5RCTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  7. [7]

    Sousa-Pinto B, Vieira RJ, Brozek J et al.. “Intranasal antihistamines and corticosteroids in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2024). PMID: 38685482 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  8. [8]

    Xu X, Li S, Chen Y et al.. “Association between allergic diseases and mental health conditions: An umbrella review.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2024). PMID: 39521284 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type
  9. [9]

    Sousa-Pinto B, Vieira RJ, Bognanni A et al.. “Efficacy and safety of intranasal medications for allergic rhinitis: Network meta-analysis.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 39548801 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  10. [10]

    Licari A, Magri P, De Silvestri A et al.. “Epidemiology of Allergic Rhinitis in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 37236349 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  11. [11]

    Torres MI, Gil-Mata S, Bognanni A et al.. “Intranasal Versus Oral Treatments for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 39251016 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  12. [12]

    Gil-Mata S, Vieira RJ, Borowiack E et al.. “Intranasal Treatments for Allergic Rhinitis in Preschool- and School-Age Children: Network Meta-Analysis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025). PMID: 40675325 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  13. [13]

    Scadding GK, Kariyawasam HH, Scadding G et al.. “BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis (Revised Edition 2017; First edition 2007).” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2017). PMID: 30239057 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  14. [14]

    Walker SM, Durham SR, Till SJ et al.. “Immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011). PMID: 21848757 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  15. [15]

    Creticos PS, Schroeder JT, Hamilton RG et al.. “Immunotherapy with a ragweed-toll-like receptor 9 agonist vaccine for allergic rhinitis.” The New England journal of medicine (2006). PMID: 17021320 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  16. [16]

    Liu QD, Pan GX, Yan YJ et al.. “Metabolomic profiles in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2025). PMID: 39824455 ↗

    L3SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  17. [17]

    Knudgaard MH, Andreasen TH, Ravnborg N et al.. “Rhinitis prevalence and association with atopic dermatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2021). PMID: 33684526 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  18. [18]

    Chalmers JR, Haines RH, Bradshaw LE et al.. “Daily emollient during infancy for prevention of eczema: the BEEP randomised controlled trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2020). PMID: 32087126 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  19. [19]

    Mårtensson A, Nordström FU, Cervin-Hoberg C et al.. “Nasal administration of a probiotic assemblage in allergic rhinitis: A randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022). PMID: 35075723 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  20. [20]

    Srivastava D, Singh BP, Arora N et al.. “Clinico-immunologic study on immunotherapy with mixed and single insect allergens.” Journal of clinical immunology (2009). PMID: 19533313 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  21. [21]

    Berni Canani R, Carucci L, Coppola S et al.. “Ultra-processed foods, allergy outcomes and underlying mechanisms in children: An EAACI task force report.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2024). PMID: 39254357 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  22. [22]

    Venter C, Tan W, Pickett-Nairne K et al.. “Systematic review on maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and offspring allergy.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2024). PMID: 39673331 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  23. [23]

    Venter C, Agostoni C, Arshad SH et al.. “Dietary factors during pregnancy and atopic outcomes in childhood: A systematic review from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2020). PMID: 32524677 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Special Populations & Pregnancy, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  24. [24]

    Lisik D, Ermis SSÖ, Ioannidou A et al.. “Siblings and risk of allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2023). PMID: 37492922 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prognosis & Natural History
  25. [25]

    Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Togias A et al.. “Next-generation Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines for allergic rhinitis based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and real-world evidence.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2019). PMID: 31627910 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  26. [26]

    Hellings PW, Steelant B. “Epithelial barriers in allergy and asthma.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2020). PMID: 32507228 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  27. [27]

    Matricardi PM, van Hage M, Custovic A et al.. “Molecular allergy diagnosis enabling personalized medicine.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2025). PMID: 39855360 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  28. [28]

    Pacheco SE, Guidos-Fogelbach G, Annesi-Maesano I et al.. “Climate change and global issues in allergy and immunology.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2021). PMID: 34688774 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  29. [29]

    Zhang Y, Lan F, Zhang L. “Advances and highlights in allergic rhinitis.” Allergy (2021). PMID: 34379805 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  30. [30]

    Zhang Y, Lan F, Zhang L. “Update on pathomechanisms and treatments in allergic rhinitis.” Allergy (2022). PMID: 35892225 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  31. [31]

    Ogulur I, Pat Y, Ardicli O et al.. “Advances and highlights in biomarkers of allergic diseases.” Allergy (2021). PMID: 34519063 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  32. [32]

    Datsi A, Steinhoff M, Ahmad F et al.. “Interleukin-31: The "itchy" cytokine in inflammation and therapy.” Allergy (2021). PMID: 33629401 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  33. [33]

    Ponda P, Carr T, Rank MA et al.. “Nonallergic Rhinitis, Allergic Rhinitis, and Immunotherapy: Advances in the Last Decade.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2022). PMID: 36152989 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  34. [34]

    Conway AE, Verdi M, Kartha N et al.. “Allergic Diseases and Mental Health.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38851487 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  35. [35]

    Klimek L, Mullol J, Ellis AK et al.. “Current Management of Allergic Rhinitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38851250 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  36. [36]

    Akar-Ghibril N, Casale T, Custovic A et al.. “Allergic Endotypes and Phenotypes of Asthma.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2020). PMID: 32037107 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  37. [37]

    Bielory L, Delgado L, Katelaris CH et al.. “ICON: Diagnosis and management of allergic conjunctivitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2019). PMID: 31759180 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  38. [38]

    Linton S, Hossenbaccus L, Ellis AK. “Evidence-based use of antihistamines for treatment of allergic conditions.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2023). PMID: 37517656 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  39. [39]

    Scelo G, Torres-Duque CA, Maspero J et al.. “Analysis of comorbidities and multimorbidity in adult patients in the International Severe Asthma Registry.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2023). PMID: 37640263 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  40. [40]

    Bensch GW. “Safety of intranasal corticosteroids.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2016). PMID: 27979016 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  41. [41]

    Linton S, Burrows AG, Hossenbaccus L et al.. “Future of allergic rhinitis management.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2021). PMID: 33971355 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  42. [42]

    Arshad SH. “Does allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis prevent asthma?” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2022). PMID: 35500864 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  43. [43]

    D'Amato G, Murrieta-Aguttes M, D'Amato M et al.. “Pollen respiratory allergy: Is it really seasonal?” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 37520612 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  44. [44]

    Morais-Almeida M, Canonica GW, Giavina-Bianchi P et al.. “Clinical remission in allergy and clinical immunology practice: State of the art and World Allergy Organization (WAO) call to action.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2026). PMID: 42058161 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type
  45. [45]

    Di Cara G, Carelli A, Latini A et al.. “Severity of allergic rhinitis and asthma development in children.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2015). PMID: 26023322 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  46. [46]

    Wang H, Tu J, Zhang J et al.. “Integrated multi-omics profiling reveals shared mechanistic pathways in asthma-allergic rhinitis comorbidity: A hybrid machine learning framework leveraging Mendelian randomization for precision diagnostics.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 41049388 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation
  47. [47]

    Xu Z, Lai M, Luo X et al.. “The clinical characteristics and inflammatory endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in Southern China: A multi-center, cross sectional study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 40822746 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type
  48. [48]

    Larenas-Linnemann DE, Mayorga-Butrón JL, Maza-Solano J et al.. “Global expert views on the diagnosis, classification and pharmacotherapy of allergic rhinitis in clinical practice using a modified Delphi panel technique.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 37520611 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type
  49. [49]

    Zhao Z, Chen H, Liu T et al.. “Efficacy predictions for omalizumab treatment based on basophil CD203c expression in patients with allergic rhinitis by basophil activation test -- a real-life, pilot study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2026). PMID: 42058162 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type
  50. [50]

    Justicia JL, Padró C, Roger A et al.. “Immunological parameters as biomarkers of response to MicroCrystalline Tyrosine-adjuvanted mite immunotherapy.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 34178239 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type
  51. [51]

    Wheatley LM, Togias A. “Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis.” The New England journal of medicine (2015). PMID: 25629743 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment
  52. [52]

    Guttman-Yassky E, Renert-Yuval Y, Brunner PM. “Atopic dermatitis.” Lancet (London, England) (2025). PMID: 39955121 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  53. [53]

    Langan SM, Irvine AD, Weidinger S. “Atopic dermatitis.” Lancet (London, England) (2020). PMID: 32738956 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  54. [54]

    Greiner AN, Hellings PW, Rotiroti G et al.. “Allergic rhinitis.” Lancet (London, England) (2011). PMID: 21783242 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  55. [55]

    Weidinger S, Novak N. “Atopic dermatitis.” Lancet (London, England) (2015). PMID: 26377142 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Prognosis & Natural History, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  56. [56]

    Huang K, Yang T, Xu J et al.. “Prevalence, risk factors, and management of asthma in China: a national cross-sectional study.” Lancet (London, England) (2019). PMID: 31230828 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  57. [57]

    Shaaban R, Zureik M, Soussan D et al.. “Rhinitis and onset of asthma: a longitudinal population-based study.” Lancet (London, England) (2008). PMID: 18805333 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  58. [58]

    Caldaria E, Iorio R, Marziali D et al.. “Exploratory pilot trial of a multicomponent immunonutritional supplement in children with allergic asthma and rhinitis: The INAPRA study.” International immunopharmacology (2026). PMID: 42202393 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  59. [59]

    Kerdkaew K, Rattanathamma P, Tongtako W et al.. “Effects of Moderate-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Clinical Symptoms and Physiological Outcomes in Young Adults with Persistent Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” International journal of environmental research and public health (2026). PMID: 42196705 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  60. [60]

    Dubovets A, Lukashevichus A, Artemova V et al.. “Towards Sensitization Profiling for Allergy Prevention in Russia: A Systematic Review.” International journal of molecular sciences (2026). PMID: 42353054 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  61. [61]

    Yu Q, Lan L, Li Y et al.. “Association between asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and dental caries: evidence from systematic review with meta-analysis and Mendelian randomisation investigation.” Journal of global health (2026). PMID: 42246314 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  62. [62]

    Bakhshi A, Poursadegh F, Salari M et al.. “Effect of probiotics on allergic rhinitis in children; A systematic review and meta-analysis.” European journal of pediatrics (2026). PMID: 42209809 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  63. [63]

    Inpan R, Kantasa T, Hanprasertpong N et al.. “Ginger-based formulations for allergic rhinitis disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies in animals and humans.” Pharmaceutical biology (2026). PMID: 42183789 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  64. [64]

    Eifan AO, Durham SR. “Pathogenesis of rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2016). PMID: 27434218 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  65. [65]

    Wang N, Yao Y, Liu YH et al.. “Allergic Rhinitis in China: Trends, Challenges and Implications Over the Past Two Decades.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2025). PMID: 40676746 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  66. [66]

    Moitra S, Mahesh PA, Moitra S. “Allergic rhinitis in India.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2023). PMID: 36856159 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  67. [67]

    Page C, Pitchford S. “Platelets and allergic inflammation.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014). PMID: 24708345 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  68. [68]

    Campo P, Rondón C, Gould HJ et al.. “Local IgE in non-allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015). PMID: 25495772 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  69. [69]

    Liao EC, Ho CM, Lin MY et al.. “Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Tyrophagus putrescentiae allergy in allergic rhinitis caused by cross-reactivity not dual-sensitization.” Journal of clinical immunology (2010). PMID: 20683648 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  70. [70]

    Qiu S, Du Y, Duan X et al.. “B cell immunity in allergic nasal mucosa induces T helper 2 cell differentiation.” Journal of clinical immunology (2012). PMID: 22454245 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  71. [71]

    Dobrakowski Ł, Kalisiak M, Majak J et al.. “Predicting the course of chronic rhinosinusitis in young children-5-year prospective study.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2026). PMID: 42418237 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  72. [72]

    Zou P, Fan Y, Xie C et al.. “Allergen Sensitization Profiles and Co-Sensitization Networks in Children with Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma: A Propensity Score-Matched Retrospective Study.” Journal of asthma and allergy (2026). PMID: 42333264 ↗

    L4COHORTCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  73. [73]

    Kalb B, Khaleva E, Giovannini M et al.. “Trajectories of allergic diseases in children: Destination unknown?” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2025). PMID: 40589146 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  74. [74]

    Papadopoulos NG, Aggelides X, Stamataki S et al.. “New concepts in pediatric rhinitis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2021). PMID: 33475171 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  75. [75]

    Zicari AM, De Castro G, Leonardi L et al.. “Update on rhinitis and rhinosinusitis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2020). PMID: 32017218 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  76. [76]

    Schoos AM. “Atopic diseases-Diagnostics, mechanisms, and exposures.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2024). PMID: 39016386 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Definition, Classification & Hypersensitivity Mechanism Type, Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  77. [77]

    Corren J, Larson D, Altman MC et al.. “Effects of combination treatment with tezepelumab and allergen immunotherapy on nasal responses to allergen: A randomized controlled trial.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2022). PMID: 36223848 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  78. [78]

    Xiao Z, Luo H, Liu H et al.. “Probiotic supplementation during pregnancy or infancy for the prevention of allergic rhinitis in infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Randomized controlled trials.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 41079137 ↗

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Special Populations & Pregnancy, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  79. [79]

    Liu X, Zhou J, Chen J et al.. “Risk of Asthma and Allergies in Children Delivered by Cesarean Section: A Comprehensive Systematic Review.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38908434 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  80. [80]

    Chokevittaya P, Jirattikanwong N, Thongngarm T et al.. “Factors Associated With Dupilumab Response in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 39265658 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Prognosis & Natural History
  81. [81]

    Halken S, Larenas-Linnemann D, Roberts G et al.. “EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Prevention of allergy.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2017). PMID: 28902467 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  82. [82]

    Patou J, De Smedt H, van Cauwenberge P et al.. “Pathophysiology of nasal obstruction and meta-analysis of early and late effects of levocetirizine.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006). PMID: 16911353 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  83. [83]

    Tan W, Amara S, Venter M et al.. “Systematic review of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy and offspring allergy.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2025). PMID: 41054961 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  84. [84]

    Pacheco-González RM, García-Marcos L, Morales E. “Prenatal vitamin D status and respiratory and allergic outcomes in childhood: A meta-analysis of observational studies.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2018). PMID: 29444346 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  85. [85]

    Oh Y, Hong SJ, Park YJ et al.. “Association between phthalate exposure and risk of allergic rhinitis in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2024). PMID: 39229646 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  86. [86]

    Kristiansen M, Dhami S, Netuveli G et al.. “Allergen immunotherapy for the prevention of allergy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2016). PMID: 27653623 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  87. [87]

    Paller AS, Spergel JM, Mina-Osorio P et al.. “The atopic march and atopic multimorbidity: Many trajectories, many pathways.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2018). PMID: 30458183 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  88. [88]

    Lawson LP, Parameswaran S, Panganiban RA et al.. “Update on the genetics of allergic diseases.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2025). PMID: 40139464 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  89. [89]

    Fang ZF, Fu Y, Yi F et al.. “Neural control of the pathophysiology of allergic airway disease and its clinical implications: A focus on allergic rhinitis and asthma.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2025). PMID: 40447196 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  90. [90]

    Iinuma T, Kiuchi M, Hirahara K et al.. “Single-cell immunoprofiling after immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis reveals functional suppression of pathogenic TH2 cells and clonal conversion.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2022). PMID: 35863510 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  91. [91]

    Spergel J, Aceves SS. “Allergic components of eosinophilic esophagitis.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2018). PMID: 29980277 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  92. [92]

    Matricardi PM, Dramburg S, Potapova E et al.. “Molecular diagnosis for allergen immunotherapy.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2019). PMID: 30850070 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  93. [93]

    Siracusa MC, Kim BS, Spergel JM et al.. “Basophils and allergic inflammation.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2013). PMID: 24075190 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, History and Evolution of Treatment
  94. [94]

    Bousquet J, Melén E, Haahtela T et al.. “Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: The ARIA-MeDALL hypothesis.” Allergy (2023). PMID: 36799120 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  95. [95]

    Hellings PW, Klimek L, Cingi C et al.. “Non-allergic rhinitis: Position paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology.” Allergy (2017). PMID: 28474799 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  96. [96]

    Huang ZQ, Liu J, Sun LY et al.. “Updated epithelial barrier dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis: Targeting pathophysiology and treatment response of tight junctions.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 38372149 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  97. [97]

    Gao YD, Wang ZJ, Ogulur I et al.. “The Evolution, Immunopathogenesis and Biomarkers of Type 2 Inflammation in Common Allergic Disorders.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 40586319 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution, History and Evolution of Treatment
  98. [98]

    Moldaver D, Larché M. “Immunotherapy with peptides.” Allergy (2011). PMID: 21507007 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  99. [99]

    Fernández-Gallego N, Castillo-González R, Méndez-Barbero N et al.. “The impact of type 2 immunity and allergic diseases in atherosclerosis.” Allergy (2022). PMID: 35781885 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  100. [100]

    Stevens WW, Schleimer RP, Kern RC. “Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2016). PMID: 27393770 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  101. [101]

    Wise SK, Damask C, Greenhawt M et al.. “A Synopsis of Guidance for Allergic Rhinitis Diagnosis and Management From ICAR 2023.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 36894277 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  102. [102]

    Baroody FM, Gevaert P, Smith PK et al.. “Nonallergic Rhinopathy: A Comprehensive Review of Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38467330 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  103. [103]

    Smallwood D, Ledford D, Kennedy D et al.. “Postnasal Drip.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38677587 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Prognosis & Natural History
  104. [104]

    Campo P, Canonica GW. “Local Allergic Rhinitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38641133 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  105. [105]

    Diver S, Russell RJ, Brightling CE. “Cough and Eosinophilia.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2019). PMID: 31279462 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Prognosis & Natural History
  106. [106]

    Bose S, Grammer LC, Peters AT. “Infectious Chronic Rhinosinusitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2016). PMID: 27393772 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  107. [107]

    Ellis AK, Tenn MW. “Advances in rhinitis: Models and mechanisms.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2017). PMID: 29157860 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  108. [108]

    Pierre Z, Mattos JL. “Smell and the sinuses.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2026). PMID: 42219147 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  109. [109]

    Lowe AJ, Leung DYM, Tang MLK et al.. “The skin as a target for prevention of the atopic march.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2018). PMID: 29413338 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  110. [110]

    Dimou MV, Xepapadaki P, Lakoumentas J et al.. “Levels of IgE sensitization drive symptom thresholds in allergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2024). PMID: 38679157 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  111. [111]

    Ho JSS, Li CH, Wang A et al.. “It is no skin off my nose: The relationship between the skin and allergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2021). PMID: 33901674 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  112. [112]

    Howell MD, Fitzsimons C, Smith PA. “JAK/STAT inhibitors and other small molecule cytokine antagonists for the treatment of allergic disease.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2018). PMID: 29454096 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  113. [113]

    DeVore SB, Gonzalez T, Sherenian MG et al.. “On the surface: Skin microbial exposure contributes to allergic disease.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2020). PMID: 32853786 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  114. [114]

    Rouadi PW, Idriss SA, Bousquet J et al.. “WAO - ARIA consensus on chronic cough: Executive summary.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 40093560 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  115. [115]

    Cheng Q, Fei J, Liao Y et al.. “Identification of immune-associated biomarkers in diagnosing allergic rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 40761581 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Prognosis & Natural History
  116. [116]

    Giulia D, Paola DF, Armando DL et al.. “Applications of basophil activation test in paediatric allergic diseases.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39734398 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  117. [117]

    Ridolo E, Nicoletta F, Lombardi C et al.. “Eosinophilic esophagitis and inhalant antigens: Pointing out the roles of allergic rhinitis, immunotherapy and biologic treatment.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39386073 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  118. [118]

    Rouadi PW, Idriss SA, Naclerio RM et al.. “Immunopathological features of air pollution and its impact on inflammatory airway diseases (IAD).” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 33042360 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Prognosis & Natural History
  119. [119]

    Gelardi M, Guglielmi AV, Iannuzzi L et al.. “Local allergic rhinitis: entopy or spontaneous response?” The World Allergy Organization journal (2016). PMID: 27980704 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, History and Evolution of Treatment
  120. [120]

    Liu Z, Li Y, Zhao X et al.. “LncRNA PELATON regulates Th2 cell differentiation by miR-10b-5p/GATA3 axis in allergic rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 41048563 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  121. [121]

    Van Bever HP, Samuel ST, Lee BW. “Halting the allergic march.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2008). PMID: 23283392 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  122. [122]

    Dollner R, Taraldsrud E, Iversen K et al.. “Non-allergic, mastocytosis-associated rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013). PMID: 23517036 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  123. [123]

    Campo P, Eguiluz-Gracia I, Bogas G et al.. “Local allergic rhinitis: Implications for management.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2018). PMID: 29900607 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  124. [124]

    Cao PP, Shi LL, Xu K et al.. “Dendritic cells in inflammatory sinonasal diseases.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2016). PMID: 27159777 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation
  125. [125]

    Allan K, Kelly FJ, Devereux G. “Antioxidants and allergic disease: a case of too little or too much?” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009). PMID: 19968654 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  126. [126]

    Lopez DJ, Lodge CJ, Bui DS et al.. “Establishing subclasses of childhood eczema, their risk factors and prognosis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022). PMID: 35347774 ↗

    L2REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  127. [127]

    O'Regan GM, Irvine AD. “The role of filaggrin in the atopic diathesis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010). PMID: 20642575 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  128. [128]

    Liu Y, Zeng M, Liu Z. “Th17 response and its regulation in inflammatory upper airway diseases.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015). PMID: 25048954 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  129. [129]

    Liang X, Liu W, Qi H et al.. “Allergen Sensitization Characteristics and Temporal Trends in Allergic Rhinitis: A Single-Center Retrospective Study of 2,482 Patients in Beijing.” Respiratory medicine (2026). PMID: 42349726 ↗

    L4COHORTCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  130. [130]

    Marseglia G, Miraglia Del Giudice M, Licari A et al.. “Azelastine-fluticasone intranasal therapy: A paradigm shift in pediatric allergic rhinitis management. A point of view of the Italian Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2026). PMID: 41755501 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  131. [131]

    Sponholz W, Steinert C, Monnati F et al.. “IgE to cyclophilin Bet v 7 triggers mast cell activation and mediates cross-reactivity with Ara h 18 in children with seasonal allergic rhinitis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2026). PMID: 41781362 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  132. [132]

    Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang L. “[Effects of baseline clinical characteristics on the efficacy of stapokibart in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a post-hoc subgroup analysis].” Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery (2026). PMID: 42402684 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  133. [133]

    Zhou Y, Wang T, Fan Y et al.. “Therapy of allergic rhinitis using ribavirin spray to clear nasal commensal viruses.” Signal transduction and targeted therapy (2026). PMID: 42350364 ↗

    L4RCTCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  134. [134]

    Zhang W, Li P, Zhao S et al.. “Microbiome and metabolome integrated analysis reveals oral microbiota alterations and associated metabolic pathways in allergic rhinitis.” Journal of oral microbiology (2026). PMID: 42428783 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism
  135. [135]

    Li E, Shi M, Huang S. “New-onset allergic diseases after SARS-CoV-2 infection: mechanistic hypotheses and emerging strategies for risk stratification.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 42421939 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Pathophysiology & Immune Mechanism, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  136. [136]

    Ní Chaoimh C, Lad D, Nico C et al.. “Early initiation of short-term emollient use for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants-The STOP-AD randomised controlled trial.” Allergy (2022). PMID: 35997592 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations & Pregnancy, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  137. [137]

    Eapen AA, Shankhwar S, von Mutius E et al.. “Environmental risk factors and asthma primary prevention: From birth cohort studies to clinical trials.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2025). PMID: 40659121 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations & Pregnancy, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  138. [138]

    Arrais M, Maricoto T, Nwaru BI et al.. “Helminth infections and allergic diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the global literature.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2021). PMID: 34968529 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  139. [139]

    Sun Y, Vonk JM, Kersten ETG et al.. “Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals a Causal Relationship Between Allergic Rhinitis and Hazelnut Allergy.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 39673378 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  140. [140]

    Tsai SY, Gaffin JM, Hawryluk EB et al.. “Evaluation of dupilumab on the disease burden in children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis: A population-based cohort study.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 39166365 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  141. [141]

    Pfaar O, Richter H, Müller T et al.. “Atopic dermatitis occurrence and progression and allergen immunotherapy: A real-world, retrospective cohort study in Germany.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 40861800 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  142. [142]

    Chang CL, Ali GB, Pham J et al.. “Childhood body mass index trajectories and asthma and allergies: A systematic review.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2023). PMID: 37401045 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  143. [143]

    Conlan N, Maher GM, Al Khalaf SY et al.. “Association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the risk of asthma, eczema and allergies in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2020). PMID: 33037716 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  144. [144]

    Kim YH, Kim KW, Kim MJ et al.. “Vitamin D levels in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2016). PMID: 27188226 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  145. [145]

    Çelebi Sözener Z, Treffeisen ER, Özdel Öztürk B et al.. “Global warming and implications for epithelial barrier disruption and respiratory and dermatologic allergic diseases.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2023). PMID: 37689250 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  146. [146]

    Biagini JM, Kroner JW, Baatyrbek Kyzy A et al.. “Longitudinal atopic dermatitis endotypes: An atopic march paradigm that includes Black children.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2021). PMID: 34673050 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  147. [147]

    Perry TT, Grant TL, Dantzer JA et al.. “Impact of socioeconomic factors on allergic diseases.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2023). PMID: 37967769 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  148. [148]

    Rondón C, Campo P, Togias A et al.. “Local allergic rhinitis: concept, pathophysiology, and management.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2012). PMID: 22516477 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  149. [149]

    Shin YH, Hwang J, Kwon R et al.. “Global, regional, and national burden of allergic disorders and their risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.” Allergy (2023). PMID: 37431853 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  150. [150]

    Arnau-Soler A, Tremblay BL, Sun Y et al.. “Food Allergy Genetics and Epigenetics: A Review of Genome-Wide Association Studies.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 39698764 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  151. [151]

    Celebi Sozener Z, Ozdel Ozturk B, Cerci P et al.. “Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease.” Allergy (2022). PMID: 35108405 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  152. [152]

    Berni Canani R, Caminati M, Carucci L et al.. “Skin, gut, and lung barrier: Physiological interface and target of intervention for preventing and treating allergic diseases.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 38439599 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  153. [153]

    Yang L, Lin Z, Gao T et al.. “The Role of Skin-Gut-Lung Microbiome in Allergic Diseases.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025). PMID: 40320144 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  154. [154]

    Thien F, Davies JM, Douglass JA et al.. “Thunderstorm Asthma: Current Perspectives and Emerging Trends.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025). PMID: 40199421 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  155. [155]

    Kim J, Rouadi PW. “The Relationship of Climate Change to Rhinitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38636591 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  156. [156]

    Conroy ER, Banzon TM, Simoneau T et al.. “An Overview of Adherence-What It Is and Why It Is Important.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 39074603 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  157. [157]

    Modi S, Norris MR, Nguyen V et al.. “Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Allergen Immunotherapy Prescription for Allergic Rhinitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 36736954 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  158. [158]

    Zeiger RS, Schatz M, Zhou B et al.. “Risk Factors for Moderate-Severe Asthma in Children Ages 5-11 Years With Early-Onset Atopic Dermatitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025). PMID: 40752737 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  159. [159]

    Chen M, Lu YW, Shi J et al.. “Efficacy and safety of Xiangju capsules for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.” Frontiers in pharmacology (2026). PMID: 42292827 ↗

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  160. [160]

    Narla S, Silverberg JI. “Current updates in the epidemiology and comorbidities of atopic dermatitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2025). PMID: 40350074 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  161. [161]

    Rackerby N, Ahn C, Ball BD et al.. “Evolving paradigms of treatment of allergic and nonallergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2025). PMID: 40245980 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  162. [162]

    Gabryszewski SJ, Hill DA. “One march, many paths: Insights into allergic march trajectories.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2021). PMID: 33971364 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  163. [163]

    Kazancioglu A, Ozdemiral C, Gur Cetinkaya P et al.. “Long-term risk of allergic diseases after allergic proctocolitis: A clinical perspective.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2025). PMID: 40701364 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prognosis & Natural History
  164. [164]

    Spergel JM. “From atopic dermatitis to asthma: the atopic march.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2010). PMID: 20674819 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  165. [165]

    Ker J, Hartert TV. “The atopic march: what's the evidence?” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2009). PMID: 19852191 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  166. [166]

    Chen C, Song X, Murdock DJ et al.. “Association between allergic conditions and COVID-19 susceptibility and outcomes.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2024). PMID: 38242353 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  167. [167]

    Cheng Y, Liu Q, Li M et al.. “First-in-human, phase 1 study of CM512, a TSLP/IL-13 bispecific antibody, in healthy volunteers: safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity.” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 42292382 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  168. [168]

    Rosário Filho NA, Urrutia-Pereira M, D'Amato G et al.. “Air pollution and indoor settings.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 33510831 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  169. [169]

    Chong SN, Chew FT. “Epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and associated risk factors in Asia.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2018). PMID: 30128063 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Clinical Presentation
  170. [170]

    Higashida-Konishi M, Izumi K, Shimada T et al.. “Allergic disorders and their risk factors in primary Sjögren's syndrome.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 36788991 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  171. [171]

    Gómez RM, Croce VH, Zernotti ME et al.. “Active smoking effect in allergic rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 33510834 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  172. [172]

    Li H, Zong Y, He L et al.. “Mendelian randomization analysis reveals causal relationship between allergic diseases and influenza.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 40529241 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  173. [173]

    Krishna MT, Mahesh PA, Vedanthan P et al.. “An appraisal of allergic disorders in India and an urgent call for action.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 32774662 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  174. [174]

    Zhang X, Zhang M, Sui H et al.. “Prevalence and risk factors of allergic rhinitis among Chinese adults: A nationwide representative cross-sectional study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 37008533 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  175. [175]

    Mahesh PA, Moitra S, Mabalirajan U et al.. “Allergic diseases in India - Prevalence, risk factors and current challenges.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022). PMID: 36181726 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  176. [176]

    Yue H, Umehara Y, Trujillo-Paez JV et al.. “Exogenous factors in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: Irritants and cutaneous infections.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2021). PMID: 33394511 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors
  177. [177]

    Irmak S, Dedeoglu S, Toprak SF et al.. “Intranasal Corticosteroids Versus Second-Generation Antihistamines for Allergic Rhinitis in Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study of Quality of Life and School Attendance.” Journal of asthma and allergy (2026). PMID: 42305426 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  178. [178]

    Peng C, Chen B, Chen Z et al.. “Associations of allergic diseases with incident hospital-recorded osteoporosis and major osteoporotic fracture in older adults: a prospective cohort study in the UK Biobank.” BMC geriatrics (2026). PMID: 42249315 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prognosis & Natural History
  179. [179]

    Duse M, Caminiti S, Zicari AM. “Rhinosinusitis: prevention strategies.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2007). PMID: 17767614 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  180. [180]

    Lee SY, Nakano T, Shimojo N et al.. “Asian birth cohort studies on allergic diseases: The A2BC network initiative.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2024). PMID: 39560177 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  181. [181]

    Mastrorilli C, Posa D, Cipriani F et al.. “Asthma and allergic rhinitis in childhood: what's new.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2016). PMID: 27862336 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations & Pregnancy, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  182. [182]

    Wong GWK, Li J, Bao YX et al.. “Pediatric allergy and immunology in China.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2017). PMID: 29047174 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  183. [183]

    De Filippo M, Votto M, Caminiti L et al.. “Safety of allergen-specific immunotherapy in children.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2022). PMID: 35080302 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  184. [184]

    Li Q, Zhong Q, Kong X et al.. “Allergic rhinitis in children in relation to sleep breathing disorders: a meta-analysis.” International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology (2026). PMID: 42302637 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Epidemiology, Etiology & Risk Factors, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  185. [185]

    Vliagoftis H, Kouranos VD, Betsi GI et al.. “Probiotics for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma: systematic review of randomized controlled trials.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2008). PMID: 19119700 ↗

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  186. [186]

    Oppenheimer J, Casale TB, Spergel JM et al.. “Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Following Repeat Dosing of neffy (Epinephrine Nasal Spray) Versus Intramuscular Injection During Induced Allergic Rhinitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2026). PMID: 41687867 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  187. [187]

    Li X, Wang X, Yang Q et al.. “A Randomized Comparison of Bencycloquidium Bromide, Mometasone Furoate, and a Combination for Persistent Allergic Rhinitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 39746515 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  188. [188]

    Durham SR, Penagos M. “Sublingual or subcutaneous immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis?” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2016). PMID: 26853126 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  189. [189]

    Vieira RJ, Gil-Mata S, Ferreira A et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of Oral Antihistamines for Allergic Rhinitis: Network Meta-Analysis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2026). PMID: 41707943 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  190. [190]

    Caimmi D, Abouelfath A, Lassalle R et al.. “Patient-Perceived Benefits of Named-Patient Product Sublingual Immunotherapy in Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma: Primary Results From the ERAPP Real-World Cohort Study.” Allergy (2026). PMID: 41795228 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Prognosis & Natural History
  191. [191]

    Ridolo E, Montagni M, Incorvaia C et al.. “Orphan immunotherapies for allergic diseases.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2016). PMID: 26837608 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  192. [192]

    Bielory L, Gross GN, Letierce A et al.. “Ocular symptoms improvement from intranasal triamcinolone compared with placebo and intranasal fluticasone propionate: A meta-analysis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2020). PMID: 32004698 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation
  193. [193]

    Gómez RM, Moreno P, Compalati E et al.. “Update meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety issues of fexofenadine.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 37546236 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  194. [194]

    Wen YS, Lin CY, Yang KD et al.. “Nasal nitric oxide is a useful biomarker for acute unilateral maxillary sinusitis in pediatric allergic rhinitis: A prospective observational cohort study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2019). PMID: 31193296 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: Clinical Presentation
  195. [195]

    Margaritte-Jeannin P, Budu-Aggrey A, Ege M et al.. “Identification of OCA2 as a novel locus for the co-morbidity of asthma-plus-eczema.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2021). PMID: 34155719 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  196. [196]

    Yeo BSY, Guan EJ, Ng K et al.. “Association of Abnormal Body Weight and Allergic Rhinitis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2024). PMID: 39602830 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  197. [197]

    Barnes ML, Vaidyanathan S, Williamson PA et al.. “The minimal clinically important difference in allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009). PMID: 19895590 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  198. [198]

    Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Amrol DJ et al.. “Rhinitis 2020: A practice parameter update.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2020). PMID: 32707227 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  199. [199]

    Dykewicz MS, Hamilos DL. “Rhinitis and sinusitis.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2010). PMID: 20176255 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  200. [200]

    Ruysseveldt E, Steelant B, Wils T et al.. “The nasal basal cell population shifts toward a diseased phenotype with impaired barrier formation capacity in allergic rhinitis.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2024). PMID: 38705259 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  201. [201]

    Augé J, Vent J, Agache I et al.. “EAACI Position paper on the standardization of nasal allergen challenges.” Allergy (2018). PMID: 29377177 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  202. [202]

    Woehlk C, Stranzl T, Contoli M et al.. “Long-Term, Real-World Effectiveness of Allergen Immunotherapy in Children and Adolescents With Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 41031547 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  203. [203]

    Bousquet J, Sousa-Pinto B, Vieira RJ et al.. “Methodology for the Development of the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)-EAACI 2024-2025 Guidelines: From Evidence-to-Decision Frameworks to Digitalised Shared Decision-Making Algorithms.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 41268627 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  204. [204]

    Okubo Y, Kuwabara Y, Sato S et al.. “Real-World Effectiveness for Sublingual Allergen Immunotherapy Among School-Aged Children and Adolescents.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 40631972 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  205. [205]

    Mullol J, Del Cuvillo A, Lockey RF. “Rhinitis Phenotypes.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2020). PMID: 32389274 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  206. [206]

    Blaiss MS, Steven GC, Bender B et al.. “Shared decision making for the allergist.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2018). PMID: 30201469 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  207. [207]

    Kaliner MA. “Azelastine and olopatadine in the treatment of allergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2009). PMID: 19927534 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  208. [208]

    Sacha JJ, Quinn JM. “The environment, the airway, and the athlete.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2011). PMID: 21277508 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation
  209. [209]

    He G, Meng Q, Yuan X et al.. “A multicenter randomized study: safety of an optimized accelerated house dust mite immunotherapy for patients with allergic rhinitis in China (PERFECT study).” Frontiers in immunology (2026). PMID: 42039184 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment
  210. [210]

    Devillier P, Okano M, Canonica GW et al.. “Allergic rhinitis activity and efficacy of 300 IR house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy tablet in pediatrics.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2026). PMID: 41968360 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment
  211. [211]

    Braido F, Scichilone N, Lavorini F et al.. “Manifesto on small airway involvement and management in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an Interasma (Global Asthma Association - GAA) and World Allergy Organization (WAO) document endorsed by Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) and Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN).” The World Allergy Organization journal (2016). PMID: 27800118 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  212. [212]

    El-Sayed ZA, El-Ghoneimy DH, Ortega-Martell JA et al.. “Allergic manifestations of inborn errors of immunity and their impact on the diagnosis: A worldwide study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2022). PMID: 35783543 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  213. [213]

    Huang Y, Wang C, Zhang Y et al.. “Developing nomograms for identifying allergic rhinitis among chronic rhinitis: A real-world study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 33912321 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  214. [214]

    Rouadi PW, Idriss SA, Bousquet J et al.. “WAO-ARIA consensus on chronic cough - Part II: Phenotypes and mechanisms of abnormal cough presentation - Updates in COVID-19.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 34963794 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation
  215. [215]

    Feijen J, Seys SF, Steelant B et al.. “Prevalence and triggers of self-reported nasal hyperreactivity in adults with asthma.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 32642023 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation
  216. [216]

    Rotiroti G, Roberts G, Scadding GK. “Rhinitis in children: common clinical presentations and differential diagnoses.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2015). PMID: 25616224 ↗

    L5CASE_REPORTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  217. [217]

    Gane SB, Scadding GK. “Diseases mimicking allergic rhinitis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2009). PMID: 19744218 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  218. [218]

    Jacob J, Fong A, Joyce C et al.. “Cost-Effectiveness of Allergen Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review.” Allergy (2026). PMID: 42093212 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  219. [219]

    Demidova A, Kiknavelidze N, Purtskhvanidze K et al.. “'What' and 'How' to Measure in Allergy and Clinical Immunology: A Systematic Review of Core Outcome Sets and Outcome Harmonisation Processes.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2026). PMID: 41974646 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Prognosis & Natural History
  220. [220]

    Cianferoni A, Votto M. “COVID-19 and allergy: How to take care of allergic patients during a pandemic?” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2020). PMID: 33236431 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  221. [221]

    Anastasiou E, Xepapadaki P, Asllani J et al.. “Update on the treatment of allergic rhinitis in children.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2026). PMID: 41918374 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  222. [222]

    Crestani E, Harb H, Benamar M et al.. “Metabolomic and immunological signatures of asthma severity in children.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2025). PMID: 41195700 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  223. [223]

    Xiao X, Feng G, Zhang Y et al.. “Young Children Allergic Rhinitis Questionnaire is a novel tool for allergy screening in children.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2022). PMID: 35212036 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  224. [224]

    Meyer R, Fox AT, Chebar Lozinsky A et al.. “Non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal allergies-Do they have a place in a new model of the Allergic March.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2019). PMID: 30403301 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Clinical Presentation, History and Evolution of Treatment
  225. [225]

    Briskey D, Pellow J, Beatson G et al.. “Efficacy and safety of a particulate yeast β-glucan preparation in the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis (BETALL): a randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial protocol.” Trials (2026). PMID: 41998746 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Clinical Presentation, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  226. [226]

    Lucas D, Greta G, Bygvraa DA et al.. “Occupational allergic diseases among harvesting fishermen on the open sea: A systematic review.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2023). PMID: 37116652 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  227. [227]

    Hamed A, Preston DC, Eschenbacher W et al.. “Nasal IgE production in allergic rhinitis: Impact of rhinovirus infection.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2019). PMID: 30776162 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  228. [228]

    Li C, Zhou H, Zhang W et al.. “Bacterial lysate treatment in allergic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2021). PMID: 34097747 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  229. [229]

    Yuan X, Xie S, Liu L et al.. “Complement C3 links epithelial remodeling and macrophage metabolic reprogramming in allergic rhinitis.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2026). PMID: 41759749 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  230. [230]

    Breiteneder H, Peng YQ, Agache I et al.. “Biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of therapy responses in allergic diseases and asthma.” Allergy (2020). PMID: 32893900 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  231. [231]

    Fu QW, Liu P, Ruan Y et al.. “International Evidence-Based Guidelines for Traditional Chinese Medicine Management of Allergic Rhinitis.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 40944470 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  232. [232]

    Asano K, Ueki S, Tamari M et al.. “Adult-onset eosinophilic airway diseases.” Allergy (2020). PMID: 33040364 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  233. [233]

    Richards M, Ferber J, Li DK et al.. “Cesarean delivery and the risk of allergic rhinitis in children.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2020). PMID: 32387533 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  234. [234]

    Potter PC. “Update on sublingual immunotherapy.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2006). PMID: 16496508 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  235. [235]

    Popov TA, Passalacqua G, González-Díaz SN et al.. “Medical devices in allergy practice.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 33024482 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  236. [236]

    Segal M, Stokes JR, Casale TB. “Anti-immunoglobulin e therapy.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2008). PMID: 23282676 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  237. [237]

    Eckrich J, Hinkel J, Fischl A et al.. “Nasal IgE in subjects with allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 32612737 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  238. [238]

    Zeng Y, Xiao H, Gao S et al.. “Efficacy and immunological changes of sublingual immunotherapy in pediatric allergic rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 37520614 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  239. [239]

    Gherasim A, Dietsch F, Beck M et al.. “Birch-induced allergic rhinitis: Results of exposure during nasal allergen challenge, environmental chamber, and pollen season.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 37520615 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  240. [240]

    Sheha DS, El-Korashi LA, AbdAllah AM et al.. “Dyslipidemia among allergic rhinitis patients: Frequency and risk factors.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 33747342 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, History and Evolution of Treatment
  241. [241]

    Huang W, Chen X, Liu Z et al.. “Sphk1 regulates HMGB1 via HDAC4 and mediates epithelial pyroptosis in allergic rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39295955 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  242. [242]

    Gelardi M, Iannuzzi L, Quaranta N et al.. “NASAL cytology: practical aspects and clinical relevance.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2016). PMID: 27009397 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  243. [243]

    Stewart MG. “Identification and management of undiagnosed and undertreated allergic rhinitis in adults and children.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008). PMID: 18419620 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  244. [244]

    Prieto A, Rondón C, Eguiluz-Gracia I et al.. “Systematic evaluation of allergic phenotypes of rhinitis in children and adolescents.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2021). PMID: 33598969 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  245. [245]

    Soyak Aytekin E, Unsal H, Sahiner UM et al.. “IgE mediated legume allergy in east Mediterranean children: A reflection of multiple food allergies.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2022). PMID: 35470935 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  246. [246]

    Malizia V, Cilluffo G, Fasola S et al.. “Endotyping allergic rhinitis in children: A machine learning approach.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2022). PMID: 35080305 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup, History and Evolution of Treatment
  247. [247]

    Guo B, Xiong P, Zhang Z et al.. “Predictors of the Efficacy of Focused Ultrasound for Moderate-to-Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.” Ultrasound in medicine & biology (2026). PMID: 42144291 ↗

    L4COHORTCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  248. [248]

    Gaddikeri R, Shah P. “Case 347: Tracheobronchial Smooth Muscle Atrophy and Separation.” Radiology (2026). PMID: 42377126 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  249. [249]

    Shoup J, Sadle C, Buckley A et al.. “Oxytocin and RAGE signaling at the intersection of social neurodevelopment and inflammation.” Journal of translational medicine (2026). PMID: 42415063 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  250. [250]

    Ye F, Tao Y, Chen J et al.. “Pharmacological silencing of nasal TRPV1+ nociceptors ameliorates eosinophilic infiltration but exacerbates neutrophilic infiltration in murine models of allergic rhinitis.” Rhinology (2026). PMID: 42411335 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  251. [251]

    Huang L, Zhao X, Zhou J et al.. “Pandemic-Associated Sensitization Patterns and Burden in Chinese Children with Allergic Rhinitis: A Retrospective Phase-Stratified Study.” Journal of asthma and allergy (2026). PMID: 42403887 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Diagnosis & Immunodiagnostics: Allergy Testing and Immune-Function Workup
  252. [252]

    Rosenzwajg M, Gherasim A, Dietsch F et al.. “Low-dose IL-2 in birch pollen allergy: A phase-2 randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2024). PMID: 39532189 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  253. [253]

    Zhang J, Yang X, Chen G et al.. “Efficacy and safety of intratonsillar immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2023). PMID: 37913839 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  254. [254]

    Muhammad Danial Song HJJ, Min Lee CT, Ci Ng FY et al.. “Childhood Acid Suppressants May Increase Allergy Risk-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2022). PMID: 36257597 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  255. [255]

    Ambrosino P, Parrella P, Formisano R et al.. “Clinical application of nasal nitric oxide measurement in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2020). PMID: 32663599 ↗

    L3SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  256. [256]

    Lee MS, Pittler MH, Shin BC et al.. “Acupuncture for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2009). PMID: 19441597 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  257. [257]

    Guo R, Pittler MH, Ernst E. “Herbal medicines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2007). PMID: 18219828 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  258. [258]

    Ahlbeck L, Ahlberg E, Björkander J et al.. “Intralymphatic immunotherapy with one or two allergens renders similar clinical response in patients with allergic rhinitis due to birch and grass pollen.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022). PMID: 35332591 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Prognosis & Natural History
  259. [259]

    Mullol J, Bartra J, del Cuvillo A et al.. “Specialist-based treatment reduces the severity of allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013). PMID: 23786279 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  260. [260]

    Calderon MA, Penagos M, Sheikh A et al.. “Sublingual immunotherapy for allergic conjunctivitis: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011). PMID: 21848759 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  261. [261]

    Walter S, Ho J, Alvarado R et al.. “Effect of monoclonal antibody drug therapy on mucosal biomarkers in airway disease: A systematic review.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2020). PMID: 32808380 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  262. [262]

    Liu W, Zeng Q, He C et al.. “Compliance, efficacy, and safety of subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2020). PMID: 32810884 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  263. [263]

    Kuniyoshi Y, Tsujimoto Y, Banno M et al.. “Neonatal jaundice, phototherapy and childhood allergic diseases: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2021). PMID: 33475191 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  264. [264]

    Mitselou N, Hallberg J, Stephansson O et al.. “Adverse pregnancy outcomes and risk of later allergic rhinitis-Nationwide Swedish cohort study.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2020). PMID: 32060962 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  265. [265]

    Bousquet J, Schünemann HJ, Sousa-Pinto B et al.. “Concepts for the Development of Person-Centered, Digitally Enabled, Artificial Intelligence-Assisted ARIA Care Pathways (ARIA 2024).” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38971567 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  266. [266]

    Gonzalez-Diaz SN, Martin B, Villarreal-Gonzalez RV et al.. “Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with allergic diseases.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 33520081 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  267. [267]

    Carpagnano GE, Bonini M, Latorre M et al.. “Profile of mild/moderate asthma patients: Baseline data from the MANI cohort.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 40689384 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  268. [268]

    Meng Y, Lu H, Wang C et al.. “Naso-ocular neuropeptide interactions in allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, rhinitis, and conjunctivitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 34035875 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  269. [269]

    Rogkakou A, Villa E, Garelli V et al.. “Persistent Allergic Rhinitis and the XPERT Study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2011). PMID: 23282334 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  270. [270]

    Sima Y, Wang X, Zhang T et al.. “Efficacy and safety of olopatadine-mometasone combination nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2026). PMID: 41732343 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  271. [271]

    Kurita J, Yonekura S, Iinuma T et al.. “Evaluation of shoseiryuto for seasonal allergic rhinitis, using an environmental challenge chamber.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2022). PMID: 35399817 ↗

    L1OTHERCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  272. [272]

    Sih T, Mion O. “Allergic rhinitis in the child and associated comorbidities.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2009). PMID: 19664013 ↗

    L5CASE_REPORTCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  273. [273]

    Shi Y, Pan Z, Tian X et al.. “Multiallergen Immunotherapy for Polysensitized Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of asthma and allergy (2026). PMID: 42403890 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  274. [274]

    Wang H, Zhang Q, Hu M et al.. “Periostin in allergic rhinitis: from pathogenic mediator to predictive biomarker and therapeutic target.” Frontiers in pharmacology (2026). PMID: 42394977 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification
  275. [275]

    Ma J, Peng M, Song YG et al.. “Efficacy and safety of acupuncture-related therapies in the treatment of allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Frontiers in medicine (2026). PMID: 42245938 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Severity, Grading & Risk Stratification, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prognosis & Natural History
  276. [276]

    Worm M, Demoly P, Okamoto Y et al.. “Safety of 300IR house dust mite sublingual tablet from pooled clinical trial and post-marketing data.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39035788 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  277. [277]

    Ahlbeck L, Ahlberg E, Stuivers L et al.. “Intralymphatic immunotherapy with birch and grass pollen extracts. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2023). PMID: 37013723 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  278. [278]

    Kulalert P, Phinyo P, Lao-Araya M. “Efficacy and safety of house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy tablets in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2022). PMID: 36119654 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  279. [279]

    Das RR, Naik SS. “Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and childhood allergic diseases: a systematic review.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2014). PMID: 25229699 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  280. [280]

    Shamji MH, Sharif H, Layhadi JA et al.. “Diverse immune mechanisms of allergen immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis with and without asthma.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2022). PMID: 35093483 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  281. [281]

    Frew AJ. “Allergen immunotherapy.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2010). PMID: 20176266 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  282. [282]

    Creticos PS, Gunaydin FE, Nolte H et al.. “Allergen Immunotherapy: The Evidence Supporting the Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Immunotherapy and Sublingual Forms of Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis/Conjunctivitis and Asthma.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38685477 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  283. [283]

    Larenas-Linnemann D, Diamant Z, Jesenak M et al.. “Combination of Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy With Biologics in Severe Asthma: Counterintuitive or Rational?” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025). PMID: 40349962 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  284. [284]

    Oppenheimer JJ, Dinakar C, Fineman SM. “AllergyWatch.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2019). PMID: 31247305 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  285. [285]

    Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhao J et al.. “Neurectomy Versus Ablation of Posterior Nasal and Anterior Ethmoidal Nerve for Allergic Rhinitis: A Prospective Randomized Comparative Study.” American journal of rhinology & allergy (2026). PMID: 41847828 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  286. [286]

    Gawlik R, Pitsch T, Dubuske L. “Anaphylaxis as a manifestation of horse allergy.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2009). PMID: 23283110 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  287. [287]

    Machnes-Maayan D, Yahia SH, Frizinsky S et al.. “A clinical pathway for the diagnosis of sesame allergy in children.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2022). PMID: 36440465 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment
  288. [288]

    Florido-López JF, Andreu-Balaguer C, Escudero C et al.. “Effectiveness and safety of a glutaraldehyde-modified, L-tyrosine-adsorbed and monophosphoryl lipid A-Adjuvanted allergen immunotherapy in patients with allergic asthma sensitized to olive pollen: A retrospective, controlled real-world study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 33376572 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  289. [289]

    Alzughaibi BH, Michaelis LJ, Pearce MS et al.. “Pediatric IgE mediated food allergies and ethnic group inequalities: A scoping review.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2026). PMID: 42179758 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  290. [290]

    Chua NYM, Tay E, Chua RL et al.. “Pharmacotherapeutic Medication Adherence in Patients With Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Current allergy and asthma reports (2026). PMID: 42133217 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  291. [291]

    Gupta N, Mohan RK, Reddy UN et al.. “Rational Allergy Practice Guidelines by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) and IAP-Allergy and Applied Immunology Chapter.” Indian pediatrics (2026). PMID: 41949750 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, History and Evolution of Treatment
  292. [292]

    Dantzer JA, Wood RA. “The use of omalizumab in allergen immunotherapy.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2018). PMID: 29315922 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  293. [293]

    Saranz RJ, Lozano A, Lozano NA et al.. “Subclinical lower airways correlates of chronic allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2017). PMID: 28421631 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  294. [294]

    Salib RJ, Harries PG, Nair SB et al.. “Mechanisms and mediators of nasal symptoms in non-allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008). PMID: 18201248 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  295. [295]

    Passalacqua G, Baiardini I, Senna G et al.. “Adherence to pharmacological treatment and specific immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013). PMID: 23278877 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  296. [296]

    Wraith DC, Krishna MT. “Peptide allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergic airway diseases-State of the art.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2021). PMID: 33529435 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  297. [297]

    Castagnoli R, Votto M, Taietti I et al.. “Bridging Rare to Common Diseases: Precision Medicine and the Transforming Landscape of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2026). PMID: 42324659 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway, Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  298. [298]

    Shang X, Yang Y, Deng W. “Thunderstorm-Associated Asthma in Shenzhen, China: A Retrospective Case-Control Study of Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Management Approaches.” Journal of asthma and allergy (2026). PMID: 41970277 ↗

    L3CASE_CONTROLCited in: Acute Management & Anaphylaxis Pathway
  299. [299]

    Wan WJ, Xu QY, Lu MP et al.. “Patient compliance to sublingual immunotherapy for mite-induced allergic rhinitis: A retrospective study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39040084 ↗

    L4COHORTCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  300. [300]

    Schutzmeier P, Kutzora S, Mittermeier I et al.. “Non-pharmacological interventions for pollen-induced allergic symptoms: Systematic literature review.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2021). PMID: 34717016 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  301. [301]

    de Bot CM, Moed H, Berger MY et al.. “Sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis: quality of systematic reviews.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2011). PMID: 21919934 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  302. [302]

    Jutel M, Agache I, Bonini S et al.. “International consensus on allergy immunotherapy.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2015). PMID: 26162571 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  303. [303]

    Casale TB, Stokes JR. “Immunotherapy: what lies beyond.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2014). PMID: 24581428 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  304. [304]

    Penagos M, Durham SR. “Allergen immunotherapy for long-term tolerance and prevention.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2022). PMID: 35085663 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  305. [305]

    Casale TB, Stokes JR. “Future forms of immunotherapy.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2010). PMID: 21094518 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  306. [306]

    Zhang Y, Li J, Li X et al.. “Chinese Position Paper on Biologic Therapy for Allergic Rhinitis.” Allergy (2026). PMID: 41872701 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  307. [307]

    Layhadi JA, Lalioti A, Palmer E et al.. “Mechanisms and Predictive Biomarkers of Allergen Immunotherapy in the Clinic.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 37996041 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  308. [308]

    Kappen JH, Agache I, Jutel M et al.. “Allergen Immunotherapy for Asthma.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 38013158 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  309. [309]

    Nelson HS. “The Art of Immunotherapy.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 37898175 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  310. [310]

    Sotoudeh S, Choudhry H, Cantillo JF et al.. “Cat, Dog, and Exotic Animal Allergy.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025). PMID: 40848832 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  311. [311]

    Carnés J, Iraola V, Cho SH et al.. “Mite allergen extracts and clinical practice.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2017). PMID: 28284531 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  312. [312]

    Wagenmann M, Gehrt F, Scheckenbach K. “Remission and Meaningful Outcomes in Chronic Rhinitis and Rhinosinusitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2026). PMID: 42364847 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  313. [313]

    Bonini M, Di Maria G, Paggiaro P et al.. “Potential benefit of omalizumab in respiratory diseases.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2014). PMID: 25442695 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  314. [314]

    Waserman S, Shah A, Avilla E. “Recent development on the use of sublingual immunotherapy tablets for allergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2021). PMID: 34029713 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  315. [315]

    Nelson HS. “Efficacy and safety of allergen immunotherapy in children.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2006). PMID: 16496504 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  316. [316]

    Steven GC. “Shared decision making in allergic rhinitis: An approach to the patient.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2020). PMID: 32615266 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  317. [317]

    Cox L, Cohn JR. “Duration of allergen immunotherapy in respiratory allergy: when is enough, enough?” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2007). PMID: 17521025 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  318. [318]

    Sekkidou M, Karglani E, Pancheva R et al.. “Nutritional intervention with a partially hydrolyzed formula during the first 6 months of life may reduce the risk of food allergy and atopic dermatitis up to the age of 5 years.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2026). PMID: 42154372 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations & Pregnancy, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  319. [319]

    Furci F, Caminati M, Crisafulli E et al.. “The intriguing possibility of using probiotics in allergen-specific immunotherapy.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 36852412 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History
  320. [320]

    Yu L, Zhang H, Pan J et al.. “Pediatric usage of Omalizumab: A promising one.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 34963793 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prognosis & Natural History, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  321. [321]

    Larenas-Linnemann D, Rodríguez-Pérez N, Luna-Pech JA et al.. “Compromising between European and US allergen immunotherapy schools: Discussions from GUIMIT, the Mexican immunotherapy guidelines.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 32884611 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  322. [322]

    Jordakieva G, Jensen-Jarolim E. “The impact of allergen exposure and specific immunotherapy on circulating blood cells in allergic rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2018). PMID: 30128065 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  323. [323]

    Cardona-Villa R, Del Pozo S, Uribe-García S et al.. “Clinical outcomes of allergen immunotherapy in children in Latin America: Treatment with polymerized allergen extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 40822748 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  324. [324]

    Koca Kalkan I, Ates H, Aksu K et al.. “Real-life adherence to subcutaneous immunotherapy: What has changed in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 34122718 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  325. [325]

    Varghese M, Glaum MC, Lockey RF. “Drug-induced rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010). PMID: 20210811 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, History and Evolution of Treatment
  326. [326]

    Pechsrichuang P, Jacquet A. “Molecular approaches to allergen-specific immunotherapy: Are we so far from clinical implementation?” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2020). PMID: 32078207 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  327. [327]

    Smith SA, Stone CA, Jacquet A. “Allergen-Specific Human Monoclonal IgG Antibodies for Use in Passive Allergy Immunotherapy.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2025). PMID: 41061743 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  328. [328]

    Votto M, De Filippo M, Caminiti L et al.. “Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders and allergen immunotherapy: Lights and shadows.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2021). PMID: 33503273 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  329. [329]

    Liour SS, Tom A, Chan YH et al.. “Treating IgE-mediated diseases via targeting IgE-expressing B cells using an anti-CεmX antibody.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2016). PMID: 27090058 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  330. [330]

    Huoman J, Papapavlou G, Pap A et al.. “Sublingual immunotherapy alters salivary IgA and systemic immune mediators in timothy allergic children.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2019). PMID: 30803044 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  331. [331]

    Tsai YG, Yang KD, Wen YS et al.. “Allergen-specific immunotherapy enhances CD8+  CD25+  CD137+ regulatory T cells and decreases nasal nitric oxide.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2019). PMID: 30968455 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  332. [332]

    Liu Q, Zhu W, Sun Y et al.. “A meta-analysis of acupuncture at the sphenopalatine ganglion for the treatment of allergic rhinitis.” Frontiers in allergy (2026). PMID: 42211436 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  333. [333]

    Tharpe C, Davidson J, Mardaga K et al.. “Real-world outcomes of personalized sublingual immunotherapy for environmental allergies delivered through a telemedicine platform: a retrospective longitudinal cohort study.” Frontiers in allergy (2026). PMID: 42358593 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  334. [334]

    Jia X, Tao Q, Hu H et al.. “Prediction of future onset of allergic rhinitis and analysis of risk factors in children with food allergy during infancy.” European journal of pediatrics (2026). PMID: 42429983 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  335. [335]

    Huang L, Wang Y, Huang S. “Existential distress and social alienation in adolescents with allergic rhinitis: the serial mediating roles of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance.” Frontiers in public health (2026). PMID: 42415749 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  336. [336]

    Wang L, Kang Z, Ma J et al.. “A Clinical Nomogram for Predicting Early Response to Biologics in Pediatric Allergic Asthma with Comorbid Allergic Rhinitis.” Journal of asthma and allergy (2026). PMID: 42403888 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  337. [337]

    Liu X, Zhao W. “Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Immunomodulatory Strategies for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis.” International journal of nanomedicine (2026). PMID: 42368400 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Long-term & Definitive Management: Avoidance, Immunotherapy, Biologics
  338. [338]

    Veskitkul J, Wongkaewpothong P, Thaweethamchareon T et al.. “Recurrent Acute Rhinosinusitis Prevention by Azithromycin in Children with Nonallergic Rhinitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2017). PMID: 28438539 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  339. [339]

    Han X, Krempski JW, Nadeau K. “Advances and novel developments in mechanisms of allergic inflammation.” Allergy (2020). PMID: 33068299 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  340. [340]

    Nemet S, Elbirt D, Cohen R et al.. “IgE deficiency (<2.5 IU/mL) in children: Clinical insights from a population-based study of 123,393 subjects.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2025). PMID: 40285341 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  341. [341]

    Gartenberg A, Petrie A. “Mixed connective tissue disease-myositis overlap syndrome presenting as an allergic disease process to the emergency department: A case report.” The American journal of emergency medicine (2023). PMID: 38142167 ↗

    L4CASE_REPORTCited in: Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  342. [342]

    Marbet L, Gujer E, Münger MH et al.. “Allergic manifestations in inborn errors of immunity: a systematic scoping review.” Frontiers in immunology (2025). PMID: 41142799 ↗

    L2REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  343. [343]

    Vaseghi-Shanjani M, Samra S, Yousefi P et al.. “Primary atopic disorders: inborn errors of immunity causing severe allergic disease.” Current opinion in immunology (2025). PMID: 40020536 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  344. [344]

    Makary CA, Behnke J, Peppers B et al.. “Outcome of Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy in Adults With Rhinosinusitis.” The Laryngoscope (2021). PMID: 34146351 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  345. [345]

    Li G, Li S, Ye F et al.. “Construction of an Indole-induced Transgenic System and Its Therapeutic Effects on Allergic Rhinitis.” American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology (2025). PMID: 40305665 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Immunodeficiency Management: Immunoglobulin Replacement, Prophylaxis and Immune Reconstitution
  346. [346]

    Blaiss MS. “Management of rhinitis and asthma in pregnancy.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2003). PMID: 12839108 ↗

    L5GUIDELINECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  347. [347]

    Bai L, Xu Y, Pan T et al.. “Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and Risk of Neuropsychiatric Entities: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2022). PMID: 36473625 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  348. [348]

    Gappa M, Gagnon R, Horak F et al.. “The SQ tree sublingual immunotherapy tablet is effective and well tolerated in children-A pivotal phase III trial.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 39495086 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  349. [349]

    Holzmann C, Karg J, Reiger M et al.. “Clinical Benefits of a Randomized Allergy App Intervention in Grass Pollen Sufferers: A Controlled Trial.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 40242867 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  350. [350]

    Scadding GK, Durham SR, Mirakian R et al.. “BSACI guidelines for the management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008). PMID: 18081563 ↗

    L1GUIDELINECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment, Special Populations & Pregnancy
  351. [351]

    Yonekura S, Gotoh M, Kaneko S et al.. “Disease-Modifying Effect of Japanese Cedar Pollen Sublingual Immunotherapy Tablets.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2021). PMID: 34333190 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  352. [352]

    Lloyd M, Ashley S, Chawla SS et al.. “Impact of Participant Baseline Factors on Exposure-Adjusted Incidence of Treatment-Related Adverse Events During Peanut Oral Immunotherapy.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025). PMID: 40976354 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  353. [353]

    Creticos PS, Reed CE, Norman PS et al.. “Ragweed immunotherapy in adult asthma.” The New England journal of medicine (1996). PMID: 8559203 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  354. [354]

    Durham SR, Walker SM, Varga EM et al.. “Long-term clinical efficacy of grass-pollen immunotherapy.” The New England journal of medicine (1999). PMID: 10441602 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  355. [355]

    Knapp HR. “Reduced allergen-induced nasal congestion and leukotriene synthesis with an orally active 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.” The New England journal of medicine (1990). PMID: 1701029 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  356. [356]

    Terreehorst I, Hak E, Oosting AJ et al.. “Evaluation of impermeable covers for bedding in patients with allergic rhinitis.” The New England journal of medicine (2003). PMID: 12867607 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  357. [357]

    Pipkorn U, Proud D, Lichtenstein LM et al.. “Inhibition of mediator release in allergic rhinitis by pretreatment with topical glucocorticosteroids.” The New England journal of medicine (1987). PMID: 2438553 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  358. [358]

    Kalliomäki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H et al.. “Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial.” Lancet (London, England) (2001). PMID: 11297958 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  359. [359]

    Skoner DP. “Allergic rhinitis: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and diagnosis.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2001). PMID: 11449200 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  360. [360]

    Simons FE, Simons KJ. “Histamine and H1-antihistamines: celebrating a century of progress.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2011). PMID: 22035879 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  361. [361]

    Mullarkey MF. “Eosinophilic nonallergic rhinitis.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (1988). PMID: 3057047 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  362. [362]

    Kaplan AP, Ferrer Puga M, Sabate-Bresco M. “Endotypes in chronic spontaneous urticaria.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2026). PMID: 42134608 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  363. [363]

    Corren J. “Allergic rhinitis and asthma: how important is the link?” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (1997). PMID: 9042071 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  364. [364]

    Pratt C, Brown AM, Rampe D et al.. “Cardiovascular safety of fexofenadine HCl.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1999). PMID: 10444240 ↗

    L5RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  365. [365]

    Bousquet J. “Rapid symptom relief in rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1999). PMID: 10209702 ↗

    L5RCTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  366. [366]

    Tohidinik HR, Mallah N, Takkouche B. “History of allergic rhinitis and risk of asthma; a systematic review and meta-analysis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2019). PMID: 31660100 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  367. [367]

    Zuberbier T. “Urticaria.” Allergy (2003). PMID: 14616095 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  368. [368]

    Bachert C. “Persistent rhinitis - allergic or nonallergic?” Allergy (2004). PMID: 14984551 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  369. [369]

    Tubita V, Callejas-Díaz B, Roca-Ferrer J et al.. “Role of microRNAs in inflammatory upper airway diseases.” Allergy (2020). PMID: 33314198 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  370. [370]

    Dykewicz MS, Wallace DV, Bandi S et al.. “Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 39004415 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  371. [371]

    Nelson HS, Sowers T, Plunkett G et al.. “The Art of Dosing for Subcutaneous Immunotherapy in North America.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 37385447 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  372. [372]

    Bousquet J, Ansotegui IJ, Anto JM et al.. “Mobile Technology in Allergic Rhinitis: Evolution in Management or Revolution in Health and Care?” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2019). PMID: 31445223 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  373. [373]

    Calderon MA, Casale TB, Nelson HS et al.. “Extrapolating Evidence-Based Medicine of AIT Into Clinical Practice in the United States.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2022). PMID: 36343885 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  374. [374]

    Skoner DP, Golant AK, Norton AE et al.. “Is This Medication Safe for My Child? How to Discuss Safety of Commonly Used Medications With Parents.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2022). PMID: 35963511 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  375. [375]

    Lieberman P. “The basics of histamine biology.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2010). PMID: 21277530 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  376. [376]

    Slavin RG. “Occupational rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2003). PMID: 12772943 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  377. [377]

    Sly RM. “Changing prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (1999). PMID: 10094214 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  378. [378]

    Berger WE. “Overview of allergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2003). PMID: 12839106 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  379. [379]

    Bousquet J, Demoly P, Michel FB. “Specific immunotherapy in rhinitis and asthma.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2001). PMID: 11476474 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  380. [380]

    Keil T, Bockelbrink A, Reich A et al.. “The natural history of allergic rhinitis in childhood.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2010). PMID: 20487364 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment, Prognosis & Natural History
  381. [381]

    Song KB, Park MJ, Choi EJ et al.. “Food allergy in early childhood increases the risk of oral allergy syndrome in schoolchildren: A birth cohort study.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2022). PMID: 35616894 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  382. [382]

    Lund V. “Allergic rhinitis--making the correct diagnosis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1998). PMID: 9988431 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  383. [383]

    Lundbäck B. “Epidemiology of rhinitis and asthma.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1998). PMID: 9678821 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  384. [384]

    Xu X, Li J, Zhang X et al.. “Blood and local eosinophil levels in chronic rhinitis: Observations during seasonal allergen exposure and non-exposure.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39157197 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  385. [385]

    Devillier P, Saf S, Rolland C et al.. “Respiratory allergic diseases and allergen immunotherapy: A French patient survey before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 38623320 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  386. [386]

    Alnahas S, Abouammoh N, Althagafi W et al.. “Prevalence, severity, and risk factors of allergic rhinitis among schoolchildren in Saudi Arabia: A national cross-sectional study, 2019.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2023). PMID: 37859757 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  387. [387]

    Bernstein JA. “Characteristics of nonallergic vasomotor rhinitis.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2009). PMID: 24228982 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  388. [388]

    Gabet S, Rancière F, Just J et al.. “Asthma and allergic rhinitis risk depends on house dust mite specific IgE levels in PARIS birth cohort children.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2019). PMID: 31641405 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  389. [389]

    Sayyeda F, Hyder Ali IA, Harun SN et al.. “Asthma and chronic obstructive disease overlap (ACO), a systematic review of prevalence and co-morbidity factors based on diagnostic criteria.” Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice (2026). PMID: 42052098 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  390. [390]

    Sears MR, Burrows B, Flannery EM et al.. “Relation between airway responsiveness and serum IgE in children with asthma and in apparently normal children.” The New England journal of medicine (1991). PMID: 1891008 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  391. [391]

    Agosti JM, Sprenger JD, Lum LG et al.. “Transfer of allergen-specific IgE-mediated hypersensitivity with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.” The New England journal of medicine (1988). PMID: 3059190 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  392. [392]

    Huggins KG, Brostoff J. “Local production of specific IgE antibodies in allergic-rhinitis patients with negative skin tests.” Lancet (London, England) (1975). PMID: 49744 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  393. [393]

    Schwartz LB, Bradford TR, Rouse C et al.. “Development of a new, more sensitive immunoassay for human tryptase: use in systemic anaphylaxis.” Journal of clinical immunology (1994). PMID: 7929694 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  394. [394]

    Weissmann S, Amitai N, Honig E et al.. “Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Increases the Risk of Atopic Dermatitis in Children: A National Retrospective Study with Analysis by Treatment Modality.” Dermatology and therapy (2026). PMID: 41975143 ↗

    L3COHORTCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  395. [395]

    Hu L, He W, Li J et al.. “The role of adenoid immune phenotype in polysensitized children with allergic rhinitis and adenoid hypertrophy.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2024). PMID: 38822736 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  396. [396]

    Arasi S, Pajno GB, Lau S et al.. “Local allergic rhinitis: A critical reappraisal from a paediatric perspective.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2016). PMID: 27098888 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  397. [397]

    Dondi A, Tripodi S, Panetta V et al.. “Pollen-induced allergic rhinitis in 1360 Italian children: comorbidities and determinants of severity.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2013). PMID: 24236692 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  398. [398]

    Yavuz ST, Oksel Karakus C, Custovic A et al.. “Four subtypes of childhood allergic rhinitis identified by latent class analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2021). PMID: 34310772 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  399. [399]

    Jiang X, Shen C, Dai Y et al.. “Early food allergy and respiratory allergy symptoms and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children: A cross-sectional study.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2018). PMID: 29524252 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  400. [400]

    Nakanishi M, Carbone LFB, Aggarwal V et al.. “Olopatadine plus mometasone for seasonal allergic rhinitis treatment: A pooled analysis of clinical trials.” Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology (2026). PMID: 41985293 ↗

    L1TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: History and Evolution of Treatment
  401. [401]

    Weinstein SF, Katial R, Jayawardena S et al.. “Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in perennial allergic rhinitis and comorbid asthma.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2018). PMID: 29355679 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  402. [402]

    Stuck BA, Hummel T. “Olfaction in allergic rhinitis: A systematic review.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2015). PMID: 26409662 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  403. [403]

    Dretzke J, Meadows A, Novielli N et al.. “Subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and indirect comparison.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2013). PMID: 23557834 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  404. [404]

    Calderón MA, Casale TB, Demoly P. “Validation of Patient-Reported Outcomes for Clinical Trials in Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2019). PMID: 30797777 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  405. [405]

    Lai YR, Liao YH, Huang L et al.. “Clinical Effects of Polyphenolic Compounds on Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2025). PMID: 40618891 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  406. [406]

    Rodrigo GJ, Yañez A. “The role of antileukotriene therapy in seasonal allergic rhinitis: a systematic review of randomized trials.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2006). PMID: 16802764 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  407. [407]

    De Corso E, Cantone E, Galli J et al.. “Otitis media in children: Which phenotypes are most linked to allergy? A systematic review.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2021). PMID: 33336435 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  408. [408]

    Bachert C, Gevaert E. “Advances in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis in 2015.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2016). PMID: 27817798 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  409. [409]

    Koinis-Mitchell D, Craig T, Esteban CA et al.. “Sleep and allergic disease: a summary of the literature and future directions for research.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2012). PMID: 22867694 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  410. [410]

    Blaiss MS, Hammerby E, Robinson S et al.. “The burden of allergic rhinitis and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis on adolescents: A literature review.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2018). PMID: 29626629 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  411. [411]

    Santos CB, Pratt EL, Hanks C et al.. “Allergic rhinitis and its effect on sleep, fatigue, and daytime somnolence.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2006). PMID: 17165263 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  412. [412]

    Naclerio RM, Ansotegui IJ, Canonica GW et al.. “Twenty-five years: The fexofenadine clinical experience.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39252789 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  413. [413]

    Paoletti G, Giua C, Marti A et al.. “ARIA-Italy managing allergic rhinitis and asthma in a changing world: The role of the Pharmacist.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2025). PMID: 40642300 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  414. [414]

    Guida G, Scelo G, Friston DA et al.. “Longitudinal observation of severe asthma comorbidities and oral corticosteroids use from SANI and ISAR registries.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2026). PMID: 41783626 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  415. [415]

    Cvetkovski B, Muscat D, Bousquet J et al.. “The future of allergic rhinitis management: A partnership between healthcare professionals and patients.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 38463017 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  416. [416]

    Passalacqua G, Canonica GW, Baiardini I. “Rhinitis, rhinosinusitis and quality of life in children.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2007). PMID: 17767607 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  417. [417]

    Georgalas C, Terreehorst I, Fokkens W. “Current management of allergic rhinitis in children.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2009). PMID: 19744219 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  418. [418]

    Ng CSY, Chan CHY, Fung YL et al.. “Impact of comorbid allergic diseases on health-related quality of life of Hong Kong schoolchildren.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2023). PMID: 37232280 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Complications, Comorbidities & Iatrogenic Risks
  419. [419]

    Wongsa C, Phinyo P, Sompornrattanaphan M et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of House Dust Mite Sublingual Immunotherapy Tablet in Allergic Asthma: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2022). PMID: 35181547 ↗

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  420. [420]

    Layhadi JA, Starchenka S, De Kam PJ et al.. “Modulation of Cellular, Molecular, and Humoral Responses by PQ Grass 27,600 SU for the Treatment of Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis: A Randomised Double Blind Placebo Control Exploratory Field Study.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 40626378 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  421. [421]

    Bożek A, Kołodziejczyk K, Jarząb J. “Efficacy and safety of birch pollen immunotherapy for local allergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2018). PMID: 29273130 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  422. [422]

    Pastacaldi C, Lewis P, Howarth P. “Staphylococci and staphylococcal superantigens in asthma and rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Allergy (2010). PMID: 21087214 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  423. [423]

    Anolik R, Schwartz AM, Sajjan S et al.. “Patient initiation and persistence with allergen immunotherapy.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2014). PMID: 24814759 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  424. [424]

    Rosario Filho NA, Satoris RA, Scala WR. “Allergic rhinitis aggravated by air pollutants in Latin America: A systematic review.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2021). PMID: 34471459 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  425. [425]

    Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. “Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008). PMID: 18266879 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  426. [426]

    Kuper P, Hasenpusch C, Proebstl S et al.. “Timing of complementary feeding for early childhood allergy prevention: An overview of systematic reviews.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2023). PMID: 37779264 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  427. [427]

    Campbell BE, Lodge CJ, Lowe AJ et al.. “Exposure to 'farming' and objective markers of atopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015). PMID: 25270644 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  428. [428]

    El Didi HS, Pereira AM, Jácome C et al.. “Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test for Children (CARATkids): A systematic review and meta-analysis of its measurement properties.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2025). PMID: 40898383 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  429. [429]

    Zhang GQ, Liu B, Li J et al.. “Fish intake during pregnancy or infancy and allergic outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2016). PMID: 27590571 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  430. [430]

    Rondón C, Bogas G, Barrionuevo E et al.. “Nonallergic rhinitis and lower airway disease.” Allergy (2016). PMID: 27439024 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  431. [431]

    Bousquet J, Pfaar O, Togias A et al.. “2019 ARIA Care pathways for allergen immunotherapy.” Allergy (2019). PMID: 30955224 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  432. [432]

    Van Gerven L, Steelant B, Hellings PW. “Nasal hyperreactivity in rhinitis: A diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.” Allergy (2018). PMID: 29624710 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  433. [433]

    Miliordos K, Triga M, Tranou MK et al.. “Natural history and clinical characteristics of fish-induced food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) in Greek children.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2026). PMID: 41763605 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  434. [434]

    Neuman-Sunshine DL, Eckman JA, Keet CA et al.. “The natural history of persistent peanut allergy.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2011). PMID: 22541403 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  435. [435]

    Zhou J, Margiotta FM, Duca ED et al.. “Comorbidities of atopic dermatitis: Emerging evidence and clinical considerations.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2026). PMID: 42009218 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  436. [436]

    Lou Z, Yang H, Zhao C et al.. “Efficacy and Safety of Simultaneous Bilateral Nasal Cauterization in Pediatric Recurrent Anterior Epistaxis: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial.” American journal of rhinology & allergy (2026). PMID: 41940820 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Prognosis & Natural History
  437. [437]

    Hansen S, Strøm M, Maslova E et al.. “Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy and allergic respiratory disease in the adult offspring.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2016). PMID: 27246522 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  438. [438]

    Ma J, Palmer DJ, Geddes D et al.. “Maternal Allergic Disease Phenotype and Infant Birth Season Influence the Human Milk Microbiome.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 39723602 ↗

    L4RCTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  439. [439]

    Prenner BM, Amar NJ, Hampel FC et al.. “Efficacy and safety of GSP301 nasal spray in children aged 6 to 11 years with seasonal allergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2022). PMID: 35926824 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  440. [440]

    Storms WW, Segall N, Mansfield LE et al.. “Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate nasal aerosol in pediatric patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2013). PMID: 24125150 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  441. [441]

    Tareke AA, Hadgu AA, Ayana AM et al.. “Prenatal vitamin D supplementation and child respiratory health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 33294117 ↗

    L1SR_MA_RCTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  442. [442]

    Cait A, Wedel A, Arntz JL et al.. “Prenatal antibiotic exposure, asthma, and the atopic march: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Allergy (2022). PMID: 35689800 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  443. [443]

    Grabenhenrich LB, Keil T, Reich A et al.. “Prediction and prevention of allergic rhinitis: A birth cohort study of 20 years.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2015). PMID: 25976706 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  444. [444]

    Penagos M, Compalati E, Tarantini F et al.. “Efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in pediatric patients 3 to 18 years of age: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2006). PMID: 16937742 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  445. [445]

    Bozek A, Ignasiak B, Filipowska B et al.. “House dust mite sublingual immunotherapy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in elderly patients with allergic rhinitis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013). PMID: 23331565 ↗

    L2RCTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  446. [446]

    Yamamoto-Hanada K, Yang L, Ishitsuka K et al.. “Allergic profiles of mothers and fathers in the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS): a nationwide birth cohort study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2017). PMID: 28811862 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  447. [447]

    Patil VK, Kurukulaaratchy RJ, Venter C et al.. “Changing prevalence of wheeze, rhinitis and allergic sensitisation in late childhood: findings from 2 Isle of Wight birth cohorts 12 years apart.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015). PMID: 25809555 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  448. [448]

    Flanigan C, Sheikh A, DunnGalvin A et al.. “Prenatal maternal psychosocial stress and offspring's asthma and allergic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2018). PMID: 29331049 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  449. [449]

    Venter C, Pickett K, Starling A et al.. “Advanced glycation end product intake during pregnancy and offspring allergy outcomes: A Prospective cohort study.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2021). PMID: 34610188 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  450. [450]

    Konishi S, Ng CF, Stickley A et al.. “Pollinosis and all-cause mortality among middle-aged and elderly Japanese: a population-based cohort study.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2016). PMID: 26366720 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  451. [451]

    Lampi J, Canoy D, Jarvis D et al.. “Farming environment and prevalence of atopy at age 31: prospective birth cohort study in Finland.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011). PMID: 21575087 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  452. [452]

    Abdel-Aziz MI, Hashimoto S, Neerincx AH et al.. “Metabotypes are linked to uncontrolled childhood asthma, gut microbiota, and systemic inflammation.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2025). PMID: 40280190 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  453. [453]

    Hamilos DL. “Chronic rhinosinusitis: epidemiology and medical management.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2011). PMID: 21890184 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  454. [454]

    Jensen SK, Fischer-Rasmussen K, Eliasen A et al.. “From genotype to phenotype in early childhood asthma.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2026). PMID: 41500470 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  455. [455]

    Sultan T, Brustad N, Kyvsgaard JN et al.. “Dominance of IL-5 and CCL17 in nasal cytokine profiles of children with type 2 inflammation.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2025). PMID: 41352441 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  456. [456]

    DeBrosse CW, Franciosi JP, King EC et al.. “Long-term outcomes in pediatric-onset esophageal eosinophilia.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2011). PMID: 21636117 ↗

    L3OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  457. [457]

    Pfaller B, Bendien S, Ditisheim A et al.. “Management of allergic diseases in pregnancy.” Allergy (2021). PMID: 34427919 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  458. [458]

    Sastre J. “Ebastine in allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria.” Allergy (2008). PMID: 19032340 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  459. [459]

    Straumann A, Aceves SS, Blanchard C et al.. “Pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: similarities and differences.” Allergy (2012). PMID: 22313241 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  460. [460]

    Dramburg S, Grittner U, Potapova E et al.. “Heterogeneity of sensitization profiles and clinical phenotypes among patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis in Southern European countries-The @IT.2020 multicenter study.” Allergy (2024). PMID: 38311961 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  461. [461]

    Leskien M, Thiering E, Yu Z et al.. “Childhood Asthma and Allergy Are Related to Accelerated Epigenetic Aging.” Allergy (2025). PMID: 40346984 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  462. [462]

    Mustafa SS, Huang J, Perrotta K et al.. “COVID-19 and Pregnancy: Interrelationships With Asthma and Allergy.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2023). PMID: 37604428 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  463. [463]

    Gentile D, Bartholow A, Valovirta E et al.. “Current and future directions in pediatric allergic rhinitis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2013). PMID: 24565478 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  464. [464]

    Anderson HM, Wood RA, Busse WW. “Dust Mite-Induced Perennial Allergic Rhinitis in Pediatric Patients and Sublingual Immunotherapy.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2016). PMID: 27665384 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  465. [465]

    Shusterman D, Baroody FM, Craig T et al.. “Role of the Allergist-Immunologist and Upper Airway Allergy in Sleep-Disordered Breathing.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2016). PMID: 27923646 ↗

    L4REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  466. [466]

    Bousquet J, Ventura MT, Taborda-Barata L et al.. “Allergic rhinitis in the elderly. In collaboration with ARIA guidelines.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2026). PMID: 42309322 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  467. [467]

    Wang HT, Warren CM, Gupta RS et al.. “Prevalence and Characteristics of Shellfish Allergy in the Pediatric Population of the United States.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2020). PMID: 31917365 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  468. [468]

    Rachelefsky G, Farrar JR. “Are you comfortable with over-the-counter intranasal steroids for children? A call to action.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2014). PMID: 24811016 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  469. [469]

    Bozek A, Ignasiak B, Kasperska-Zajac A et al.. “Local allergic rhinitis in elderly patients.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2015). PMID: 25744906 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  470. [470]

    Hussien H, Moore DL, Nimri S et al.. “The age of eczema onset and multiple food allergies.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2025). PMID: 41349694 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  471. [471]

    Larenas-Linnemann D, Blaiss M, Van Bever HP et al.. “Pediatric sublingual immunotherapy efficacy: evidence analysis, 2009-2012.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2013). PMID: 23706708 ↗

    L1REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  472. [472]

    Sherrey J, Biggs S, Dorrian J et al.. “Allergic disease, sleep problems, and psychological distress in children recruited from the general community.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2022). PMID: 35598883 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  473. [473]

    Ventura MT, Gelardi M, D'Amato A et al.. “Clinical and cytologic characteristics of allergic rhinitis in elderly patients.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2012). PMID: 22374194 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  474. [474]

    Della Giustina A, Landi M, Bellini F et al.. “Vitamin D, allergies and asthma: focus on pediatric patients.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2014). PMID: 25829979 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy, Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  475. [475]

    Imoto Y, Sakashita M, Tokunaga T et al.. “Recent prevalence of allergic rhinitis caused by house dust mites among the pediatric population in Fukui, Japan.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39114286 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  476. [476]

    Lu HY, Chiu CW, Kao PH et al.. “Association between maternal age at delivery and allergic rhinitis in schoolchildren: A population-based study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2020). PMID: 32612736 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  477. [477]

    Weissmann S, Amitai N, Honig E et al.. “Maternal type 1 diabetes mellitus and atopic dermatitis in offspring: A nationwide cohort study.” JAAD international (2026). PMID: 42100114 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  478. [478]

    Merkle T, Curley C, Wambold D et al.. “Association of Nasal and Inhalant Corticosteroids With Pediatric Perioral Dermatitis: A TriNetX Retrospective Cohort Study.” Pediatric dermatology (2026). PMID: 42107964 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  479. [479]

    Smiley K, Galli L, Grippen Goddard A et al.. “Clinical characteristics, type 2 comorbidities, and treatment responses in pediatric and adult chronic spontaneous urticaria: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.” Allergy and asthma proceedings (2026). PMID: 42050840 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  480. [480]

    Chia XY, Cai J, Dai D et al.. “Efficacy and safety of Tuina therapy for children with combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome in remission: a randomized controlled trial protocol.” Frontiers in medicine (2026). PMID: 42415810 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Special Populations & Pregnancy
  481. [481]

    Wheatley LM, Wood R, Nadeau K et al.. “Mind the gaps: Clinical trial concepts to address unanswered questions in aeroallergen immunotherapy-An NIAID/AHRQ Workshop.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2019). PMID: 30731123 ↗

    L5TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  482. [482]

    Jaakkola MS, Quansah R, Hugg TT et al.. “Association of indoor dampness and molds with rhinitis risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2013). PMID: 24028857 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  483. [483]

    Yepes-Nuñez JJ, Brożek JL, Fiocchi A et al.. “Vitamin D supplementation in primary allergy prevention: Systematic review of randomized and non-randomized studies.” Allergy (2017). PMID: 28675776 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  484. [484]

    Venter C, Meyer RW, Greenhawt M et al.. “Role of dietary fiber in promoting immune health-An EAACI position paper.” Allergy (2022). PMID: 35801383 ↗

    L5SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  485. [485]

    Anandan C, Nurmatov U, Sheikh A. “Omega 3 and 6 oils for primary prevention of allergic disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.” Allergy (2009). PMID: 19392990 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  486. [486]

    Brick T, Hettinga K, Kirchner B et al.. “The Beneficial Effect of Farm Milk Consumption on Asthma, Allergies, and Infections: From Meta-Analysis of Evidence to Clinical Trial.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2019). PMID: 31770653 ↗

    L2TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  487. [487]

    Schmitt J, Schwarz K, Stadler E et al.. “Allergy immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis effectively prevents asthma: Results from a large retrospective cohort study.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2015). PMID: 26371838 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  488. [488]

    Lo JE, Huang YH, Bhattacharyya N et al.. “Allergic Rhinitis and Keratoconus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38851486 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  489. [489]

    Arroyave WD, Rabito FA, Carlson JC et al.. “Impermeable dust mite covers in the primary and tertiary prevention of allergic disease: a meta-analysis.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2014). PMID: 24484971 ↗

    L1SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  490. [490]

    Ellis AK, Tsitoura DC, Quint D et al.. “Safety and pharmacodynamics of intranasal GSK2245035, a TLR7 agonist for allergic rhinitis: A randomized trial.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2017). PMID: 28681506 ↗

    L1RCTCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  491. [491]

    Baumann LM, Romero KM, Robinson CL et al.. “Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource-limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015). PMID: 25059756 ↗

    L4TRIAL_NONRANDOMCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  492. [492]

    Nwaru BI, Ohlsson C, Bygdell M et al.. “Pubertal BMI change and adult-onset asthma in men: Population-based cohort study in Sweden.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2019). PMID: 31732997 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  493. [493]

    Rosas-Salazar C, Gebretsadik T, Seibold MA et al.. “Impact of nasal and inhaled corticosteroids on SARS-CoV-2 infection susceptibility.” The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology (2025). PMID: 40701496 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  494. [494]

    Hong H, Liao S, Chen F et al.. “Role of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in triggering united airway diseases toward type 2 inflammation.” Allergy (2020). PMID: 32737888 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  495. [495]

    Biedermann T, Winther L, Till SJ et al.. “Birch pollen allergy in Europe.” Allergy (2019). PMID: 30829410 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  496. [496]

    Ordak M, Zemelka-Wiacek M, Kosowska A et al.. “Trace Elements in Allergy: Narrative Review.” Allergy (2026). PMID: 42083298 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  497. [497]

    Cardona V, Luengo O, Labrador-Horrillo M. “Immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis and lower airway outcomes.” Allergy (2016). PMID: 27439141 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  498. [498]

    Schatz M, Sicherer SH, Zeiger RS. “The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2017 Year in Review.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2018). PMID: 29397373 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  499. [499]

    Pepper AN, Calderón MA, Casale TB. “Sublingual Immunotherapy for the Polyallergic Patient.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2016). PMID: 27452888 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  500. [500]

    Fiocchi A, Cabana MD, Mennini M. “Current Use of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Allergy.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2022). PMID: 35792336 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  501. [501]

    Shaker M, Mauger D, Fuhlbrigge AL. “Value-Based, Cost-Effective Care: The Role of the Allergist-Immunologist.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2022). PMID: 35944893 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  502. [502]

    Kyvsgaard JN, Hesselberg LM, Sunde RB et al.. “Burden and Subtypes of Early Life Infections Increase the Risk of Asthma.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2024). PMID: 38609018 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  503. [503]

    Chipps BE, Murphy KR, Oppenheimer J. “2020 NAEPP Guidelines Update and GINA 2021-Asthma Care Differences, Overlap, and Challenges.” The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice (2021). PMID: 34718214 ↗

    L5OTHERCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  504. [504]

    Lau S, Matricardi PM, Wahn U et al.. “Allergy and atopy from infancy to adulthood: Messages from the German birth cohort MAS.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2018). PMID: 29803707 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  505. [505]

    Sugita K, Soyka MB, Wawrzyniak P et al.. “Outside-in hypothesis revisited: The role of microbial, epithelial, and immune interactions.” Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology (2020). PMID: 32454094 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  506. [506]

    Xu H, Wen Y, Zheng H et al.. “Allergic disease and keratoconus: A two-sample univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 39650195 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  507. [507]

    Xu Y, Li Y. “Association between lipid-lowering drugs and allergic diseases: A Mendelian randomization study.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2024). PMID: 38623319 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  508. [508]

    Ai Y, Zhu T, Gan J. “Parental autoimmune diseases and offspring's allergic disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2026). PMID: 41930403 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  509. [509]

    Islam N, Chu AWL, Sheriff F et al.. “Risk Factors for the Development of Food Allergy in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” JAMA pediatrics (2026). PMID: 41661638 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  510. [510]

    Liu Y, Ge J, Xu G et al.. “Burden and risk of asthma and rhinitis in people with atopic dermatitis: global estimates from a hierarchical Bayesian model.” The British journal of dermatology (2026). PMID: 41641462 ↗

    L2SR_OBSCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  511. [511]

    Sousa-Pinto B, Jankin S, Vieira RJ et al.. “English tweets on allergy: Content analysis and association with surveillance data.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2024). PMID: 38567657 ↗

    L2OTHERCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  512. [512]

    Shifti DM, Pitt E, Versteegh L et al.. “Mapping the Burden and Risk Factors of Allergic Diseases and Asthma Among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People: A Scoping Review.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2025). PMID: 40836867 ↗

    L2REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  513. [513]

    Valbert F, Neusser S, Pfaar O et al.. “Care with allergen immunotherapy for allergic respiratory diseases in Germany-Predictors and deficits.” Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2022). PMID: 35524545 ↗

    L4OTHERCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  514. [514]

    Zhang HW, Chang YT, Kuo YJ et al.. “Androgenetic alopecia risk in allergic rhinitis: A cohort study of immune and antihistamine effects.” The World Allergy Organization journal (2026). PMID: 42028243 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  515. [515]

    Lyu W, Wen Y, Chen L et al.. “Unhealthy sleep patterns and irregular night shift work are associated with increased risk of allergic rhinitis: a large prospective cohort study.” BMC public health (2026). PMID: 41776521 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  516. [516]

    Tham EH, Rajakulendran M, Lee BW et al.. “Epicutaneous sensitization to food allergens in atopic dermatitis: What do we know?” Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2019). PMID: 31541586 ↗

    L5REVIEW_NARRATIVECited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance
  517. [517]

    Kaplan F, Gülyüz A. “Mucous Stools in Infancy as an Early Marker of the Atopic March: A Four-Year Cohort Study of Respiratory Atopy Risk.” Children (Basel, Switzerland) (2026). PMID: 41749622 ↗

    L2COHORTCited in: Prevention, Screening & Surveillance

Revision History

All updates applied to this page

Loading revisions…